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<a class="toc_title" href="#">
 Underscore.js (1.13.4)
 </a>

<ul class="toc_section">
 <li>&raquo; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore">GitHub Repository</a></li>
 <li>&raquo; <a href="docs/modules/index-all.html">Annotated Source (modular)</a></li>
 <li>&raquo; <a href="docs/underscore-esm.html">Annotated Source (single read)</a></li>
 <li>&raquo; <a href="https://documentcloud.github.io/underscore-contrib/">Underscore-contrib</a></li>
 <li>&raquo; <a href="https://twitter.com/underscoredotjs">Twitter</a></li>
 <li>&raquo; <a href="https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/npm-underscore?utm_source=npm-underscore&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=enterprise">Tidelift</a></li>
 <li>&raquo; <a href="https://patreon.com/juliangonggrijp">Patreon</a></li>
 </ul>

<div class="searchable_section">
 <a class="toc_title" href="#">
 Introduction
 </a>
 </div>

<div class="searchable_section">
 <a class="toc_title" href="#collections">
 Collections
 </a>
 <ul class="toc_section">
 <li data-name="each" data-aliases="forEach">- <a href="#each">each</a></li>
 <li data-name="map" data-aliases="collect">- <a href="#map">map</a></li>
 <li data-name="reduce" data-aliases="inject foldl">- <a href="#reduce">reduce</a></li>
 <li data-name="reduceRight" data-aliases="foldr">- <a href="#reduceRight">reduceRight</a></li>
 <li data-name="find" data-aliases="detect">- <a href="#find">find</a></li>
 <li data-name="filter" data-aliases="select">- <a href="#filter">filter</a></li>
 <li data-name="where">- <a href="#where">where</a></li>
 <li data-name="findWhere">- <a href="#findWhere">findWhere</a></li>
 <li data-name="reject">- <a href="#reject">reject</a></li>
 <li data-name="every" data-aliases="all">- <a href="#every">every</a></li>
 <li data-name="some" data-aliases="any">- <a href="#some">some</a></li>
 <li data-name="contains" data-aliases="include includes">- <a href="#contains">contains</a></li>
 <li data-name="invoke">- <a href="#invoke">invoke</a></li>
 <li data-name="pluck">- <a href="#pluck">pluck</a></li>
 <li data-name="max">- <a href="#max">max</a></li>
 <li data-name="min">- <a href="#min">min</a></li>
 <li data-name="sortBy">- <a href="#sortBy">sortBy</a></li>
 <li data-name="groupBy">- <a href="#groupBy">groupBy</a></li>
 <li data-name="indexBy">- <a href="#indexBy">indexBy</a></li>
 <li data-name="countBy">- <a href="#countBy">countBy</a></li>
 <li data-name="shuffle">- <a href="#shuffle">shuffle</a></li>
 <li data-name="sample">- <a href="#sample">sample</a></li>
 <li data-name="toArray">- <a href="#toArray">toArray</a></li>
 <li data-name="size">- <a href="#size">size</a></li>
 <li data-name="partition">- <a href="#partition">partition</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div>

<div class="searchable_section">
 <a class="toc_title" href="#arrays">
 Arrays
 </a>
 <ul class="toc_section">
 <li data-name="first" data-aliases="head take">- <a href="#first">first</a></li>
 <li data-name="initial">- <a href="#initial">initial</a></li>
 <li data-name="last">- <a href="#last">last</a></li>
 <li data-name="rest" data-aliases="tail drop">- <a href="#rest">rest</a></li>
 <li data-name="compact">- <a href="#compact">compact</a></li>
 <li data-name="flatten">- <a href="#flatten">flatten</a></li>
 <li data-name="without">- <a href="#without">without</a></li>
 <li data-name="union">- <a href="#union">union</a></li>
 <li data-name="intersection">- <a href="#intersection">intersection</a></li>
 <li data-name="difference">- <a href="#difference">difference</a></li>
 <li data-name="uniq" data-aliases="unique">- <a href="#uniq">uniq</a></li>
 <li data-name="zip">- <a href="#zip">zip</a></li>
 <li data-name="unzip" data-aliases="transpose">- <a href="#unzip">unzip</a></li>
 <li data-name="object">- <a href="#object">object</a></li>
 <li data-name="chunk">- <a href="#chunk">chunk</a></li>
 <li data-name="indexOf">- <a href="#indexOf">indexOf</a></li>
 <li data-name="lastIndexOf">- <a href="#lastIndexOf">lastIndexOf</a></li>
 <li data-name="sortedIndex">- <a href="#sortedIndex">sortedIndex</a></li>
 <li data-name="findIndex">- <a href="#findIndex">findIndex</a></li>
 <li data-name="findLastIndex">- <a href="#findLastIndex">findLastIndex</a></li>
 <li data-name="range">- <a href="#range">range</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div>

<div class="searchable_section">
 <a class="toc_title" href="#functions">
 Functions
 </a>
 <ul class="toc_section">
 <li data-name="bind">- <a href="#bind">bind</a></li>
 <li data-name="bindAll">- <a href="#bindAll">bindAll</a></li>
 <li data-name="partial">- <a href="#partial">partial</a></li>
 <li data-name="memoize">- <a href="#memoize">memoize</a></li>
 <li data-name="delay">- <a href="#delay">delay</a></li>
 <li data-name="defer">- <a href="#defer">defer</a></li>
 <li data-name="throttle">- <a href="#throttle">throttle</a></li>
 <li data-name="debounce">- <a href="#debounce">debounce</a></li>
 <li data-name="once">- <a href="#once">once</a></li>
 <li data-name="after">- <a href="#after">after</a></li>
 <li data-name="before">- <a href="#before">before</a></li>
 <li data-name="wrap">- <a href="#wrap">wrap</a></li>
 <li data-name="negate">- <a href="#negate">negate</a></li>
 <li data-name="compose">- <a href="#compose">compose</a></li>
 <li data-name="restArguments">- <a href="#restArguments">restArguments</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div>

<div class="searchable_section">
 <a class="toc_title" href="#objects">
 Objects
 </a>
 <ul class="toc_section">
 <li data-name="keys">- <a href="#keys">keys</a></li>
 <li data-name="allKeys">- <a href="#allKeys">allKeys</a></li>
 <li data-name="values">- <a href="#values">values</a></li>
 <li data-name="mapObject">- <a href="#mapObject">mapObject</a></li>
 <li data-name="pairs">- <a href="#pairs">pairs</a></li>
 <li data-name="invert">- <a href="#invert">invert</a></li>
 <li data-name="create">- <a href="#create">create</a></li>
 <li data-name="object-functions" data-aliases="methods">- <a href="#object-functions">functions</a></li>
 <li data-name="findKey">- <a href="#findKey">findKey</a></li>
 <li data-name="extend">- <a href="#extend">extend</a></li>
 <li data-name="extendOwn" data-aliases="assign">- <a href="#extendOwn">extendOwn</a></li>
 <li data-name="pick">- <a href="#pick">pick</a></li>
 <li data-name="omit">- <a href="#omit">omit</a></li>
 <li data-name="defaults">- <a href="#defaults">defaults</a></li>
 <li data-name="clone">- <a href="#clone">clone</a></li>
 <li data-name="tap">- <a href="#tap">tap</a></li>
 <li data-name="toPath">- <a href="#toPath">toPath</a></li>
 <li data-name="has">- <a href="#has">has</a></li>
 <li data-name="get">- <a href="#get">get</a></li>
 <li data-name="property">- <a href="#property">property</a></li>
 <li data-name="propertyOf">- <a href="#propertyOf">propertyOf</a></li>
 <li data-name="matcher">- <a href="#matcher">matcher</a></li>
 <li data-name="isEqual">- <a href="#isEqual">isEqual</a></li>
 <li data-name="isMatch">- <a href="#isMatch">isMatch</a></li>
 <li data-name="isEmpty">- <a href="#isEmpty">isEmpty</a></li>
 <li data-name="isElement">- <a href="#isElement">isElement</a></li>
 <li data-name="isArray">- <a href="#isArray">isArray</a></li>
 <li data-name="isObject">- <a href="#isObject">isObject</a></li>
 <li data-name="isArguments">- <a href="#isArguments">isArguments</a></li>
 <li data-name="isFunction">- <a href="#isFunction">isFunction</a></li>
 <li data-name="isString">- <a href="#isString">isString</a></li>
 <li data-name="isNumber">- <a href="#isNumber">isNumber</a></li>
 <li data-name="isFinite">- <a href="#isFinite">isFinite</a></li>
 <li data-name="isBoolean">- <a href="#isBoolean">isBoolean</a></li>
 <li data-name="isDate">- <a href="#isDate">isDate</a></li>
 <li data-name="isRegExp">- <a href="#isRegExp">isRegExp</a></li>
 <li data-name="isError">- <a href="#isError">isError</a></li>
 <li data-name="isSymbol">- <a href="#isSymbol">isSymbol</a></li>
 <li data-name="isMap">- <a href="#isMap">isMap</a></li>
 <li data-name="isWeakMap">- <a href="#isWeakMap">isWeakMap</a></li>
 <li data-name="isSet">- <a href="#isSet">isSet</a></li>
 <li data-name="isWeakSet">- <a href="#isWeakSet">isWeakSet</a></li>
 <li data-name="isArrayBuffer">- <a href="#isArrayBuffer">isArrayBuffer</a></li>
 <li data-name="isDataView">- <a href="#isDataView">isDataView</a></li>
 <li data-name="isTypedArray" data-aliases="isInt8Array isUint8Array isUint8ClampedArray isInt16Array isUint16Array isInt32Array isUint32Array isBigInt64Array isBigUint64Array isFloat32Array isFloat64Array">- <a href="#isTypedArray">isTypedArray</a></li>
 <li data-name="isNaN">- <a href="#isNaN">isNaN</a></li>
 <li data-name="isNull">- <a href="#isNull">isNull</a></li>
 <li data-name="isUndefined">- <a href="#isUndefined">isUndefined</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div>

<div class="searchable_section">
 <a class="toc_title" href="#utility">
 Utility
 </a>
 <ul class="toc_section">
 <li data-name="noConflict">- <a href="#noConflict">noConflict</a></li>
 <li data-name="identity">- <a href="#identity">identity</a></li>
 <li data-name="constant">- <a href="#constant">constant</a></li>
 <li data-name="noop">- <a href="#noop">noop</a></li>
 <li data-name="times">- <a href="#times">times</a></li>
 <li data-name="random">- <a href="#random">random</a></li>
 <li data-name="mixin">- <a href="#mixin">mixin</a></li>
 <li data-name="iteratee">- <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a></li>
 <li data-name="uniqueId">- <a href="#uniqueId">uniqueId</a></li>
 <li data-name="escape">- <a href="#escape">escape</a></li>
 <li data-name="unescape">- <a href="#unescape">unescape</a></li>
 <li data-name="result">- <a href="#result">result</a></li>
 <li data-name="now">- <a href="#now">now</a></li>
 <li data-name="template">- <a href="#template">template</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div>

<div class="searchable_section">
 <a class="toc_title" href="#oop" data-name="oop" data-aliases="_() ()">
 OOP Style
 </a>
 </div>

<div class="searchable_section">
 <a class="toc_title" href="#chaining">
 Chaining
 </a>
 <ul class="toc_section">
 <li data-name="chain">- <a href="#chain">chain</a></li>
 <li data-name="value">- <a href="#value">value</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div>

<div class="searchable_section">
 <a class="toc_title" href="#links">
 Links
 </a>
 </div>

<div class="searchable_section">
 <a class="toc_title" href="#notes">
 Notes
 </a>
 </div>

<div class="searchable_section">
 <a class="toc_title" href="#changelog">
 Change Log
 </a>
 </div>

</div>
 </div>
 <div class="container">

<a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/">Underscore</a>
 is a JavaScript library that provides a whole mess of useful functional
 programming helpers without extending any built-in objects.
 It&rsquo;s the answer to the question: &ldquo;If I sit down in front of a
 blank HTML page, and want to start being productive immediately, what do I need?&rdquo;
 &hellip; and the tie to go along with
 <a href="https://jquery.com">jQuery</a>'s tux and
 <a href="https://backbonejs.org">Backbone</a>'s suspenders.

Underscore provides over 100 functions that support both your favorite
 workaday functional helpers: map, filter, invoke &mdash;
 as well as more specialized goodies: function binding, javascript
 templating, creating quick indexes, deep equality testing, and so on.

A complete <a href="test/">Test Suite</a>
 is included for your perusal.

You may also read through the <a
 href="docs/underscore-esm.html">annotated source code</a>. There is a <a
 href="docs/modules/index-all.html">modular version</a> with clickable
 import references as well.

You may choose between monolithic and modular imports. There is a quick
 summary of the options below, as well as a more comprehensive
 discussion in <a
 href="https://juliangonggrijp.com/article/introducing-modular-underscore.html"
 >the article</a>.

Enjoying Underscore, and want to turn it up to 11? Try <a href="https://documentcloud.github.io/underscore-contrib/">Underscore-contrib</a>.

The project is
 <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore">hosted on GitHub</a>.
 You can report bugs and discuss features on the
 <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/issues">issues page</a>
 or chat in the <a href="https://gitter.im/jashkenas/underscore">Gitter</a>
 channel.

You can support the project by donating on
 <a href="https://patreon.com/juliangonggrijp">Patreon</a>.
 Enterprise coverage is available as part of the <a
 href="https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/npm-underscore?utm_source=npm-underscore&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=enterprise"
 >Tidelift Subscription</a>.

Underscore is an open-source component of <a href="https://documentcloud.org/">DocumentCloud</a>.

<h2>v1.13.4 Downloads (Right-click, and use "Save As")</h2>

<table>
 <tr>
 <td class="dl-link"><a href="underscore-esm.js">ESM (Development)</a></td>
 <td>
 65.9 KB, Uncompressed with Plentiful Comments
 &nbsp;(<a href="underscore-esm.js.map">Source Map</a>)
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="dl-link"><a href="underscore-esm-min.js">ESM (Production)</a></td>
 <td>
 8.59 KB, Minified and Gzipped
 &nbsp;(<a href="underscore-esm-min.js.map">Source Map</a>)
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="dl-link"><a href="underscore-umd.js">UMD (Development)</a></td>
 <td>
 68.4 KB, Uncompressed with Bountiful Comments
 &nbsp;(<a href="underscore-umd.js.map">Source Map</a>)
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="dl-link"><a href="underscore-umd-min.js">UMD (Production)</a></td>
 <td>
 7.48 KB, Minified and Gzipped
 &nbsp;(<a href="underscore-umd-min.js.map">Source Map</a>)
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td colspan="2"><div class="rule"></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="dl-link"><a href="https://raw.github.com/jashkenas/underscore/master/underscore-esm.js">Edge ESM</a></td>
 <td>Unreleased, current <tt>master</tt>, use by your own judgement and at your own risk</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="dl-link"><a href="https://raw.github.com/jashkenas/underscore/master/underscore-umd.js">Edge UMD</a></td>
 <td>Unreleased, current <tt>master</tt>, use if you’re feeling lucky</td>
 </tr>
 </table>

<h2>v1.13.4 CDN URLs (Use with <tt>&lt;script src="..."&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</tt>)</h2>

<ul>
 <li>
 <tt>https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/underscore@1.13.4/underscore-umd-min.js</tt>
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/underscore@1.13.4/underscore-esm-min.js</tt>
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>https://unpkg.com/underscore@1.13.4/underscore-umd-min.js</tt>
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>https://unpkg.com/underscore@1.13.4/underscore-esm-min.js</tt>
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>https://pagecdn.io/lib/underscore/1.13.4/underscore-umd-min.js</tt>
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>https://pagecdn.io/lib/underscore/1.13.4/underscore-esm-min.js</tt>
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/underscore.js/1.13.4/underscore-umd-min.js</tt>
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/underscore.js/1.13.4/underscore-esm-min.js</tt>
 </li>
 </ul>

In most cases, you can replace the version number above by
 <tt>latest</tt> so that your embed will automatically use the latest
 version, or <tt>stable</tt> if you want to delay updating until an update
 has proven to be free of accidental breaking changes. Example: 
 <tt>https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/underscore@latest/underscore-umd-min.js</tt>

<h2>Package Installation</h2>

<ul>
 <li>
 Node.js <tt>npm install underscore</tt>
 </li>
 <li>
 Meteor.js <tt>meteor add underscore</tt>
 </li>
 <li>
 Bower <tt>bower install underscore</tt>
 </li>
 </ul>

If you are hardcoding the path to the file within the package and you
 are unsure which build to use, it is very likely that you need
 <tt>underscore-umd.js</tt> or the minified variant
 <tt>underscore-umd-min.js</tt>.

<h2>Monolithic Import (recommended)</h2>

<ul>
 <li>
 ESM <tt>import _, { map } from 'underscore';</tt>
 </li>
 <li>
 AMD <tt>require(['underscore'], ...)</tt>
 </li>
 <li>
 CommonJS <tt>var _ = require('underscore');</tt>
 </li>
 <li>
 ExtendScript <tt>#include "underscore-umd.js"</tt>
 </li>
 </ul>

<h2>Modular Import</h2>

<ul>
 <li>
 ESM <tt>import map from 'underscore/modules/map.js'</tt>
 </li>
 <li>
 AMD <tt>require(['underscore/amd/map.js'], ...)</tt>
 </li>
 <li>
 CommonJS <tt>var map = require('underscore/cjs/map.js');</tt>
 </li>
 </ul>

For functions with multiple aliases, the file name of the module is
 always the first name that appears in the documentation. For
 example, <tt>_.reduce</tt>/<tt>_.inject</tt>/<tt>_.foldl</tt> is exported
 from <tt>underscore/modules/reduce.js</tt>. Modular usage is mostly
 recommended for creating a customized build of Underscore.

<h2 id=compatibility>Engine Compatibility</h2>

Underscore 1.x is backwards compatible with any engine that fully
 supports ES3, while also utilizing newer features when available, such as
 <tt>Object.keys</tt>, typed arrays and ES modules. We routinely run our
 unittests against the JavaScript engines listed below:

<ul>
 <li>Chrome 26&ndash;latest</li>
 <li>Edge 13, 18 and latest</li>
 <li>Firefox 11&ndash;latest</li>
 <li>Internet Explorer 9&ndash;11</li>
 <li>Node.js 8&ndash;latest LTS</li>
 <li>Safari 8&ndash;latest</li>
 </ul>

In addition:

<ul>
 <li>
 We have recent confirmation that the library is compatible with Adobe
 ExtendScript.
 </li>
 <li>
 There is support code present for IE 8, which we will retain in
 future Underscore 1.x updates.
 </li>
 <li>
 Patches to enhance support for other ES3-compatible environments
 are always welcome.
 </li>
 </ul>

Underscore 2.x will likely remove support for some outdated environments.

<h2 id="collections">Collection Functions (Arrays or Objects)</h2>

each<code>_.each(list, iteratee, [context])</code>
 Alias: forEach
 
 Iterates over a list of elements, yielding each in turn to an
 iteratee function.
 The iteratee is bound to the context object, if one is
 passed. Each invocation of iteratee is called with three arguments:
 <tt>(element, index, list)</tt>. If list is a JavaScript object, iteratee's
 arguments will be <tt>(value, key, list)</tt>. Returns the list for chaining.
 
 <pre>
_.each([1, 2, 3], alert);
=&gt; alerts each number in turn...
_.each({one: 1, two: 2, three: 3}, alert);
=&gt; alerts each number value in turn...</pre>

Note: Collection functions work on arrays, objects, and
 array-like objects such as <tt>arguments</tt>, <tt>NodeList</tt>
 and similar. But it works by duck-typing, so avoid passing objects with
 a numeric <tt>length</tt> property. It's also good to note that an
 <tt>each</tt> loop cannot be broken out of — to break, use _.find
 instead.

map<code>_.map(list, iteratee, [context])</code>
 Alias: collect
 
 Produces a new array of values by mapping each value in list
 through a transformation function (<a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a>).
 The iteratee is passed three arguments: the <tt>value</tt>,
 then the <tt>index</tt> (or <tt>key</tt>) of the iteration,
 and finally a reference to the entire <tt>list</tt>.
 
 <pre>
_.map([1, 2, 3], function(num){ return num * 3; });
=&gt; [3, 6, 9]
_.map({one: 1, two: 2, three: 3}, function(num, key){ return num * 3; });
=&gt; [3, 6, 9]
_.map([[1, 2], [3, 4]], _.first);
=&gt; [1, 3]</pre>

reduce<code>_.reduce(list, iteratee, [memo], [context])</code>
 Aliases: inject, foldl
 
 Also known as inject and foldl, reduce boils down a list of values into a single value.
 Memo is the initial state of the reduction, and each successive step of it should be returned by
 iteratee. The iteratee is passed four arguments: the <tt>memo</tt>, then the <tt>value</tt> and
 <tt>index</tt> (or key) of the iteration, and finally a reference to the entire <tt>list</tt>.
 
 
 If no memo is passed to the initial invocation of reduce, the iteratee is not invoked on the first element
 of the list. The first element is instead passed as the memo in the invocation of the iteratee on the next
 element in the list.
 
 <pre>
var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(memo, num){ return memo + num; }, 0);
=&gt; 6
</pre>

reduceRight<code>_.reduceRight(list, iteratee, [memo], [context])</code>
 Alias: foldr
 
 The right-associative version of reduce. Foldr
 is not as useful in JavaScript as it would be in a language with lazy
 evaluation.
 
 <pre>
var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
=&gt; [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
</pre>

find<code>_.find(list, predicate, [context])</code>
 Alias: detect
 
 Looks through each value in the list, returning the first one that
 passes a truth test (predicate), or <tt>undefined</tt> if no value
 passes the test. The function returns as
 soon as it finds an acceptable element, and doesn't traverse the
 entire list.
 predicate is transformed through <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a>
 to facilitate shorthand syntaxes.
 
 <pre>
var even = _.find([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=&gt; 2
</pre>

filter<code>_.filter(list, predicate, [context])</code>
 Alias: select
 
 Looks through each value in the list, returning an array of all
 the values that pass a truth test (predicate).
 predicate is transformed through <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a>
 to facilitate shorthand syntaxes.
 
 <pre>
var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=&gt; [2, 4, 6]
</pre>

findWhere<code>_.findWhere(list, properties)</code>
 
 Looks through the list and returns the first value that <a href="#matches">matches</a>
 all of the key-value pairs listed in properties.
 
 
 If no match is found, or if list is empty, undefined will be
 returned.
 
 <pre>
_.findWhere(publicServicePulitzers, {newsroom: "The New York Times"});
=&gt; {year: 1918, newsroom: "The New York Times",
 reason: "For its public service in publishing in full so many official reports,
 documents and speeches by European statesmen relating to the progress and
 conduct of the war."}
</pre>

where<code>_.where(list, properties)</code>
 
 Looks through each value in the list, returning an array of all
 the values that <a href="#matches">matches</a> the key-value pairs listed in properties.
 
 <pre>
_.where(listOfPlays, {author: "Shakespeare", year: 1611});
=&gt; [{title: "Cymbeline", author: "Shakespeare", year: 1611},
 {title: "The Tempest", author: "Shakespeare", year: 1611}]
</pre>

reject<code>_.reject(list, predicate, [context])</code>
 
 Returns the values in list without the elements that the truth
 test (predicate) passes. The opposite of filter.
 predicate is transformed through <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a>
 to facilitate shorthand syntaxes.
 
 <pre>
var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=&gt; [1, 3, 5]
</pre>

every<code>_.every(list, [predicate], [context])</code>
 Alias: all
 
 Returns true if all of the values in the list pass the
 predicate truth test. Short-circuits and stops traversing the list
 if a false element is found.
 predicate is transformed through <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a>
 to facilitate shorthand syntaxes.
 
 <pre>
_.every([2, 4, 5], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
=&gt; false
</pre>

some<code>_.some(list, [predicate], [context])</code>
 Alias: any
 
 Returns true if any of the values in the list pass the
 predicate truth test. Short-circuits and stops traversing the list
 if a true element is found.
 predicate is transformed through <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a>
 to facilitate shorthand syntaxes.
 
 <pre>
_.some([null, 0, 'yes', false]);
=&gt; true
</pre>

contains<code>_.contains(list, value, [fromIndex])</code>
 Aliases: include, includes
 
 Returns true if the value is present in the list.
 Uses indexOf internally, if list is an Array.
 Use fromIndex to start your search at a given index.
 
 <pre>
_.contains([1, 2, 3], 3);
=&gt; true
</pre>

invoke<code>_.invoke(list, methodName, *arguments)</code>
 
 Calls the method named by methodName on each value in the list.
 Any extra arguments passed to invoke will be forwarded on to the
 method invocation.
 
 <pre>
_.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
=&gt; [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
</pre>

pluck<code>_.pluck(list, propertyName)</code>
 
 A convenient version of what is perhaps the most common use-case for
 map: extracting a list of property values.
 
 <pre>
var stooges = [{name: 'moe', age: 40}, {name: 'larry', age: 50}, {name: 'curly', age: 60}];
_.pluck(stooges, 'name');
=&gt; ["moe", "larry", "curly"]
</pre>

max<code>_.max(list, [iteratee], [context])</code>
 
 Returns the maximum value in list. If an <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a>
 function is provided, it will be used on each value to generate the
 criterion by which the value is ranked. -Infinity is returned
 if list is empty, so an <a href="#isEmpty">isEmpty</a> guard
 may be required. This function can currently only compare numbers reliably.
 This function uses operator <tt>&lt;</tt>
 (<a href="#relational-operator-note">note</a>).
 
 <pre>
var stooges = [{name: 'moe', age: 40}, {name: 'larry', age: 50}, {name: 'curly', age: 60}];
_.max(stooges, function(stooge){ return stooge.age; });
=&gt; {name: 'curly', age: 60};
</pre>

min<code>_.min(list, [iteratee], [context])</code>
 
 Returns the minimum value in list. If an <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a>
 function is provided, it will be used on each value to generate the
 criterion by which the value is ranked. Infinity is returned
 if list is empty, so an <a href="#isEmpty">isEmpty</a> guard
 may be required. This function can currently only compare numbers reliably.
 This function uses operator <tt>&lt;</tt>
 (<a href="#relational-operator-note">note</a>).
 
 <pre>
var numbers = [10, 5, 100, 2, 1000];
_.min(numbers);
=&gt; 2
</pre>

sortBy<code>_.sortBy(list, iteratee, [context])</code>
 
 Returns a (stably) sorted copy of list, ranked in ascending
 order by the results of running each value through <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a>.
 iteratee may also be the string name of the property to sort by (eg.
 <tt>length</tt>). This function uses operator <tt>&lt;</tt>
 (<a href="#relational-operator-note">note</a>).
 
 <pre>
_.sortBy([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return Math.sin(num); });
=&gt; [5, 4, 6, 3, 1, 2]

_.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
=&gt; {3: ["one", "two"], 5: ["three"]}
</pre>

indexBy<code>_.indexBy(list, iteratee, [context])</code>
 
 Given a list, and an <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a> function
 that returns a key for each element in the list (or a property name),
 returns an object with an index of each item.
 Just like <a href="#groupBy">groupBy</a>, but for when you know your
 keys are unique.
 
 <pre>
var stooges = [{name: 'moe', age: 40}, {name: 'larry', age: 50}, {name: 'curly', age: 60}];
_.indexBy(stooges, 'age');
=&gt; {
 "40": {name: 'moe', age: 40},
 "50": {name: 'larry', age: 50},
 "60": {name: 'curly', age: 60}
}
</pre>

countBy<code>_.countBy(list, iteratee, [context])</code>
 
 Sorts a list into groups and returns a count for the number of objects
 in each group.
 Similar to <tt>groupBy</tt>, but instead of returning a list of values,
 returns a count for the number of values in that group.
 
 <pre>
_.countBy([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], function(num) {
 return num % 2 == 0 ? 'even': 'odd';
});
=&gt; {odd: 3, even: 2}
</pre>

shuffle<code>_.shuffle(list)</code>
 
 Returns a shuffled copy of the list, using a version of the
 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Yates_shuffle">Fisher-Yates shuffle</a>.
 
 <pre>
_.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
=&gt; [4, 1, 6, 3, 5, 2]
</pre>

sample<code>_.sample(list, [n])</code>
 
 Produce a random sample from the list. Pass a number to
 return n random elements from the list. Otherwise a single random
 item will be returned.
 
 <pre>
_.sample([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
=&gt; 4

_.sample([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 3);
=&gt; [1, 6, 2]
</pre>

toArray<code>_.toArray(list)</code>
 
 Creates a real Array from the list (anything that can be
 iterated over). Useful for transmuting the arguments object.
 
 <pre>
(function(){ return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1); })(1, 2, 3, 4);
=&gt; [2, 3, 4]
</pre>

size<code>_.size(list)</code>
 
 Return the number of values in the list.
 
 <pre>
_.size([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
=&gt; 5

_.size({one: 1, two: 2, three: 3});
=&gt; 3
</pre>

partition<code>_.partition(list, predicate)</code>
 
 Split list into two arrays: one whose elements all satisfy
 predicate and one whose elements all do not satisfy predicate.
 predicate is transformed through <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a>
 to facilitate shorthand syntaxes.
 
 <pre>
_.partition([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], isOdd);
=&gt; [[1, 3, 5], [0, 2, 4]]
</pre>

compact<code>_.compact(list)</code>
 
 Returns a copy of the list with all falsy values removed.
 In JavaScript, false, null, 0, "",
 undefined and NaN are all falsy.
 
 <pre>
_.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3]
</pre>

<h2 id="arrays">Array Functions</h2>

Note: All array functions will also work on the arguments object.
 However, Underscore functions are not designed to work on "sparse" arrays.

first<code>_.first(array, [n])</code>
 Aliases: head, take
 
 Returns the first element of an array. Passing n will
 return the first n elements of the array.
 
 <pre>
_.first([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=&gt; 5
</pre>

initial<code>_.initial(array, [n])</code>
 
 Returns everything but the last entry of the array. Especially useful on
 the arguments object. Pass n to exclude the last n elements
 from the result.
 
 <pre>
_.initial([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=&gt; [5, 4, 3, 2]
</pre>

last<code>_.last(array, [n])</code>
 
 Returns the last element of an array. Passing n will return
 the last n elements of the array.
 
 <pre>
_.last([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=&gt; 1
</pre>

rest<code>_.rest(array, [index])</code>
 Aliases: tail, drop
 
 Returns the rest of the elements in an array. Pass an index
 to return the values of the array from that index onward.
 
 <pre>
_.rest([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=&gt; [4, 3, 2, 1]
</pre>

flatten<code>_.flatten(array, [depth])</code>
 
 Flattens a nested array. If you pass <tt>true</tt> or <tt>1</tt>
 as the depth, the array will only be flattened a single level.
 Passing a greater number will cause the flattening to descend deeper
 into the nesting hierarchy. Omitting the depth argument, or
 passing <tt>false</tt> or <tt>Infinity</tt>, flattens the array all the
 way to the deepest nesting level.
 
 <pre>
_.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, 4];

_.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]], true);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, [[4]]];

_.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]], 2);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, [4]];
</pre>

without<code>_.without(array, *values)</code>
 
 Returns a copy of the array with all instances of the values
 removed.
 
 <pre>
_.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
=&gt; [2, 3, 4]
</pre>

union<code>_.union(*arrays)</code>
 
 Computes the union of the passed-in arrays: the list of unique items,
 in order, that are present in one or more of the arrays.
 
 <pre>
_.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
</pre>

intersection<code>_.intersection(*arrays)</code>
 
 Computes the list of values that are the intersection of all the arrays.
 Each value in the result is present in each of the arrays.
 
 <pre>
_.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
=&gt; [1, 2]
</pre>

difference<code>_.difference(array, *others)</code>
 
 Similar to without, but returns the values from array that
 are not present in the other arrays.
 
 <pre>
_.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
=&gt; [1, 3, 4]
</pre>

uniq<code>_.uniq(array, [isSorted], [iteratee])</code>
 Alias: unique
 
 Produces a duplicate-free version of the array, using === to test
 object equality. In particular only the first occurrence of each value is kept.
 If you know in advance that the array is sorted,
 passing true for isSorted will run a much faster algorithm.
 If you want to compute unique items based on a transformation, pass an
 <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a> function.
 
 <pre>
_.uniq([1, 2, 1, 4, 1, 3]);
=&gt; [1, 2, 4, 3]
</pre>

zip<code>_.zip(*arrays)</code>
 
 Merges together the values of each of the arrays with the
 values at the corresponding position. Useful when you have separate
 data sources that are coordinated through matching array indexes.
 
 <pre>
_.zip(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]);
=&gt; [["moe", 30, true], ["larry", 40, false], ["curly", 50, false]]

</pre>

unzip<code>_.unzip(array)</code>
 Alias: transpose
 
 The opposite of <a href="#zip">zip</a>. Given an array of
 arrays, returns a series of new arrays, the first of which contains all
 of the first elements in the input arrays, the second of which contains
 all of the second elements, and so on. If you're working with a matrix
 of nested arrays, this can be used to transpose the matrix.
 
 <pre>
_.unzip([["moe", 30, true], ["larry", 40, false], ["curly", 50, false]]);
=&gt; [['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]]
</pre>

object<code>_.object(list, [values])</code>
 
 Converts arrays into objects. Pass either a single list of
 <tt>[key, value]</tt> pairs, or a list of keys, and a list of values. Passing
 by pairs is the reverse of <a href="#pairs">pairs</a>. If duplicate keys exist,
 the last value wins.
 
 <pre>
_.object(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50]);
=&gt; {moe: 30, larry: 40, curly: 50}

_.object([['moe', 30], ['larry', 40], ['curly', 50]]);
=&gt; {moe: 30, larry: 40, curly: 50}
</pre>

chunk<code>_.chunk(array, length)</code>
 
 Chunks an array into multiple arrays, each containing length
 or fewer items.
 
 <pre>
var partners = _.chunk(_.shuffle(kindergarten), 2);
=&gt; [["Tyrone", "Elie"], ["Aidan", "Sam"], ["Katrina", "Billie"], ["Little Timmy"]]
</pre>

indexOf<code>_.indexOf(array, value, [isSorted])</code>
 
 Returns the index at which value can be found in the array,
 or -1 if value is not present in the array. If you're working with a
 large array, and you know that the array is already sorted, pass <tt>true</tt>
 for isSorted to use a faster binary search ... or, pass a number as
 the third argument in order to look for the first matching value in the
 array after the given index. If <tt>isSorted</tt> is <tt>true</tt>,
 this function uses operator <tt>&lt;</tt>
 (<a href="#relational-operator-note">note</a>).
 
 <pre>
_.indexOf([1, 2, 3], 2);
=&gt; 1
</pre>

lastIndexOf<code>_.lastIndexOf(array, value, [fromIndex])</code>
 
 Returns the index of the last occurrence of value in the array,
 or -1 if value is not present. Pass fromIndex to start your search at a
 given index.
 
 <pre>
_.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
=&gt; 4
</pre>

sortedIndex<code>_.sortedIndex(array, value, [iteratee], [context])</code>
 
 Uses a binary search to determine the smallest index at which the value
 should be inserted into the array in order to maintain the array's
 sorted order. If an <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a> function is provided,
 it will be used to compute the sort ranking of each value, including the value you pass.
 The iteratee may also be the string name of the property to sort by
 (eg. <tt>length</tt>). This function uses operator <tt>&lt;</tt>
 (<a href="#relational-operator-note">note</a>).
 
 <pre>
_.sortedIndex([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], 35);
=&gt; 3

var stooges = [{name: 'moe', age: 40}, {name: 'curly', age: 60}];
_.sortedIndex(stooges, {name: 'larry', age: 50}, 'age');
=&gt; 1
</pre>

findIndex<code>_.findIndex(array, predicate, [context])</code>
 
 Similar to <a href="#indexOf"><tt>_.indexOf</tt></a>, returns the first index
 where the predicate truth test passes; otherwise returns -1.
 
 <pre>
_.findIndex([4, 6, 8, 12], isPrime);
=&gt; -1 // not found
_.findIndex([4, 6, 7, 12], isPrime);
=&gt; 2
</pre>

findLastIndex<code>_.findLastIndex(array, predicate, [context])</code>
 
 Like <a href="#findIndex"><tt>_.findIndex</tt></a> but iterates the array in reverse,
 returning the index closest to the end where the predicate truth test
 passes.
 
 <pre>
var users = [{'id': 1, 'name': 'Bob', 'last': 'Brown'},
 {'id': 2, 'name': 'Ted', 'last': 'White'},
 {'id': 3, 'name': 'Frank', 'last': 'James'},
 {'id': 4, 'name': 'Ted', 'last': 'Jones'}];
_.findLastIndex(users, {
 name: 'Ted'
});
=&gt; 3
</pre>

range<code>_.range([start], stop, [step])</code>
 
 A function to create flexibly-numbered lists of integers, handy for
 <tt>each</tt> and <tt>map</tt> loops. start, if omitted,
 defaults to 0; step defaults to 1. Returns a list
 of integers from start (inclusive) to stop (exclusive),
 incremented (or decremented) by step. Note that ranges that
 stop before they start are considered to be zero-length
 instead of negative — if you'd like a negative range, use a negative
 step.
 
 <pre>
_.range(10);
=&gt; [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
_.range(1, 11);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
_.range(0, 30, 5);
=&gt; [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
_.range(0, -10, -1);
=&gt; [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
_.range(0);
=&gt; []
</pre>

<h2 id="functions">Function (uh, ahem) Functions</h2>

bind<code>_.bind(function, object, *arguments)</code>
 
 Bind a function to an object, meaning that whenever
 the function is called, the value of this will be the object.
 Optionally, pass arguments to the function to pre-fill them,
 also known as partial application. For partial application without
 context binding, use <a href="#partial">partial</a>.
 
 <pre>
var func = function(greeting){ return greeting + ': ' + this.name };
func = _.bind(func, {name: 'moe'}, 'hi');
func();
=&gt; 'hi: moe'
</pre>

bindAll<code>_.bindAll(object, *methodNames)</code>
 
 Binds a number of methods on the object, specified by
 methodNames, to be run in the context of that object whenever they
 are invoked. Very handy for binding functions that are going to be used
 as event handlers, which would otherwise be invoked with a fairly useless
 this. methodNames are required.
 
 <pre>
var buttonView = {
 label : 'underscore',
 onClick: function(){ alert('clicked: ' + this.label); },
 onHover: function(){ console.log('hovering: ' + this.label); }
};
_.bindAll(buttonView, 'onClick', 'onHover');
// When the button is clicked, this.label will have the correct value.
jQuery('#underscore_button').on('click', buttonView.onClick);
</pre>

partial<code>_.partial(function, *arguments)</code>
 
 Partially apply a function by filling in any number of its
 arguments, without changing its dynamic <tt>this</tt>
 value. A close cousin of <a href="#bind">bind</a>. You may pass
 <tt>_</tt> in your list of arguments to specify an argument that
 should not be pre-filled, but left open to supply at call-time.
 Note: if you need <tt>_</tt> placeholders and a <tt>this</tt>
 binding at the same time, use both <tt>_.partial</tt> and
 <tt>_.bind</tt>.
 
 <pre>
var subtract = function(a, b) { return b - a; };
sub5 = _.partial(subtract, 5);
sub5(20);
=&gt; 15

// Using a placeholder
subFrom20 = _.partial(subtract, _, 20);
subFrom20(5);
=&gt; 15
</pre>

memoize<code>_.memoize(function, [hashFunction])</code>
 
 Memoizes a given function by caching the computed result. Useful
 for speeding up slow-running computations. If passed an optional
 hashFunction, it will be used to compute the hash key for storing
 the result, based on the arguments to the original function. The default
 hashFunction just uses the first argument to the memoized function
 as the key. The cache of memoized values is available as the <tt>cache</tt>
 property on the returned function.
 
 <pre>
var fibonacci = _.memoize(function(n) {
 return n &lt; 2 ? n: fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
});
</pre>

delay<code>_.delay(function, wait, *arguments)</code>
 
 Much like setTimeout, invokes function after wait
 milliseconds. If you pass the optional arguments, they will be
 forwarded on to the function when it is invoked.
 
 <pre>
var log = _.bind(console.log, console);
_.delay(log, 1000, 'logged later');
=&gt; 'logged later' // Appears after one second.
</pre>

defer<code>_.defer(function, *arguments)</code>
 
 Defers invoking the function until the current call stack has cleared,
 similar to using setTimeout with a delay of 0. Useful for performing
 expensive computations or HTML rendering in chunks without blocking the UI thread
 from updating. If you pass the optional arguments, they will be
 forwarded on to the function when it is invoked.
 
 <pre>
_.defer(function(){ alert('deferred'); });
// Returns from the function before the alert runs.
</pre>

throttle<code>_.throttle(function, wait, [options])</code>
 
 Creates and returns a new, throttled version of the passed function,
 that, when invoked repeatedly, will only actually call the original function
 at most once per every wait
 milliseconds. Useful for rate-limiting events that occur faster than you
 can keep up with.
 
 
 By default, throttle will execute the function as soon as you call it
 for the first time, and, if you call it again any number of times
 during the wait period, as soon as that period is over.
 If you'd like to disable the leading-edge
 call, pass <tt>{leading: false}</tt>, and if you'd like to disable the
 execution on the trailing-edge, pass <tt>{trailing: false}</tt>.
 
 <pre>
var throttled = _.throttle(updatePosition, 100);
$(window).scroll(throttled);
</pre>
 
 If you need to cancel a scheduled throttle, you can call <tt>.cancel()</tt>
 on the throttled function.

debounce<code>_.debounce(function, wait, [immediate])</code>
 
 Creates and returns a new debounced version of the passed function which
 will postpone its execution until after
 wait milliseconds have elapsed since the last time it
 was invoked. Useful for implementing behavior that should only happen
 after the input has stopped arriving. For example: rendering a
 preview of a Markdown comment, recalculating a layout after the window
 has stopped being resized, and so on.
 
 
 At the end of the wait interval, the function will be called
 with the arguments that were passed most recently to the
 debounced function.
 
 
 Pass <tt>true</tt> for the immediate argument to cause
 debounce to trigger the function on the leading instead of the
 trailing edge of the wait interval. Useful in circumstances like
 preventing accidental double-clicks on a "submit" button from firing a
 second time.
 
 <pre>
var lazyLayout = _.debounce(calculateLayout, 300);
$(window).resize(lazyLayout);
</pre>
 
 If you need to cancel a scheduled debounce, you can call <tt>.cancel()</tt>
 on the debounced function.

once<code>_.once(function)</code>
 
 Creates a version of the function that can only be called one time.
 Repeated calls to the modified function will have no effect, returning
 the value from the original call. Useful for initialization functions,
 instead of having to set a boolean flag and then check it later.
 
 <pre>
var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
initialize();
initialize();
// Application is only created once.
</pre>

after<code>_.after(count, function)</code>
 
 Creates a wrapper of function that does nothing at first. From
 the count-th call onwards, it starts actually calling
 function. Useful for grouping asynchronous responses, where you
 want to be sure that all the async calls have finished, before
 proceeding.
 
 <pre>
var renderNotes = _.after(notes.length, render);
_.each(notes, function(note) {
 note.asyncSave({success: renderNotes});
});
// renderNotes is run once, after all notes have saved.
</pre>

before<code>_.before(count, function)</code>
 
 Creates a wrapper of function that memoizes its return value.
 From the count-th call onwards, the memoized result of the last
 invocation is returned immediately instead of invoking function
 again. So the wrapper will invoke function at most count
 - 1 times.
 
 <pre>
var monthlyMeeting = _.before(3, askForRaise);
monthlyMeeting();
monthlyMeeting();
monthlyMeeting();
// the result of any subsequent calls is the same as the second call
</pre>

wrap<code>_.wrap(function, wrapper)</code>
 
 Wraps the first function inside of the wrapper function,
 passing it as the first argument. This allows the wrapper to
 execute code before and after the function runs, adjust the arguments,
 and execute it conditionally.
 
 <pre>
var hello = function(name) { return "hello: " + name; };
hello = _.wrap(hello, function(func) {
 return "before, " + func("moe") + ", after";
});
hello();
=&gt; 'before, hello: moe, after'
</pre>

negate<code>_.negate(predicate)</code>
 
 Returns a new negated version of the <a href="#iteratee">predicate</a> function.
 
 <pre>
var isFalsy = _.negate(Boolean);
_.find([-2, -1, 0, 1, 2], isFalsy);
=&gt; 0
</pre>

compose<code>_.compose(*functions)</code>
 
 Returns the composition of a list of functions, where each function
 consumes the return value of the function that follows. In math terms,
 composing the functions f(), g(), and h() produces
 f(g(h())).
 
 <pre>
var greet = function(name){ return "hi: " + name; };
var exclaim = function(statement){ return statement.toUpperCase() + "!"; };
var welcome = _.compose(greet, exclaim);
welcome('moe');
=&gt; 'hi: MOE!'
</pre>

restArguments<code>_.restArguments(function, [startIndex])</code>
 
 Returns a version of the function that, when called, receives all
 arguments from and beyond startIndex collected into a single array.
 If you don’t pass an explicit startIndex, it will be determined by
 looking at the number of arguments to the function itself. Similar
 to ES6’s <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/rest_parameters">rest
 parameters syntax</a>.
 
 <pre>
var raceResults = _.restArguments(function(gold, silver, bronze, everyoneElse) {
 _.each(everyoneElse, sendConsolations);
});

raceResults("Dopey", "Grumpy", "Happy", "Sneezy", "Bashful", "Sleepy", "Doc");
</pre>

<h2 id="objects">Object Functions</h2>

keys<code>_.keys(object)</code>
 
 Retrieve all the names of the object's own enumerable properties.
 
 <pre>
_.keys({one: 1, two: 2, three: 3});
=&gt; ["one", "two", "three"]
</pre>

allKeys<code>_.allKeys(object)</code>
 
 Retrieve all the names of object's own and inherited properties.
 
 <pre>
function Stooge(name) {
 this.name = name;
}
Stooge.prototype.silly = true;
_.allKeys(new Stooge("Moe"));
=&gt; ["name", "silly"]
</pre>

values<code>_.values(object)</code>
 
 Return all of the values of the object's own properties.
 
 <pre>
_.values({one: 1, two: 2, three: 3});
=&gt; [1, 2, 3]
</pre>

mapObject<code>_.mapObject(object, iteratee, [context])</code>
 
 Like <a href="#map">map</a>, but for objects. Transform the value
 of each property in turn.
 
 <pre>
_.mapObject({start: 5, end: 12}, function(val, key) {
 return val + 5;
});
=&gt; {start: 10, end: 17}
</pre>

pairs<code>_.pairs(object)</code>
 
 Convert an object into a list of <tt>[key, value]</tt> pairs. The opposite
 of <a href="#object">object</a>.
 
 <pre>
_.pairs({one: 1, two: 2, three: 3});
=&gt; [["one", 1], ["two", 2], ["three", 3]]
</pre>

invert<code>_.invert(object)</code>
 
 Returns a copy of the object where the keys have become the values
 and the values the keys. For this to work, all of your object's values
 should be unique and string serializable.
 
 <pre>
_.invert({Moe: "Moses", Larry: "Louis", Curly: "Jerome"});
=&gt; {Moses: "Moe", Louis: "Larry", Jerome: "Curly"};
</pre>

create<code>_.create(prototype, props)</code>
 
 Creates a new object with the given prototype, optionally attaching
 props as own properties. Basically, <tt>Object.create</tt>,
 but without all of the property descriptor jazz.
 
 <pre>
var moe = _.create(Stooge.prototype, {name: "Moe"});
</pre>

functions<code>_.functions(object)</code>
 Alias: methods
 
 Returns a sorted list of the names of every method in an object &mdash;
 that is to say, the name of every function property of the object.
 
 <pre>
_.functions(_);
=&gt; ["all", "any", "bind", "bindAll", "clone", "compact", "compose" ...
</pre>

findKey<code>_.findKey(object, predicate, [context])</code>
 
 Similar to <a href="#findIndex"><tt>_.findIndex</tt></a> but for keys in objects.
 Returns the key where the predicate truth test
 passes or undefined.
 predicate is transformed through <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a>
 to facilitate shorthand syntaxes.

extend<code>_.extend(destination, *sources)</code>
 
 Shallowly copy all of the properties in the source objects over to the
 destination object, and return the destination object.
 Any nested objects or arrays will be copied by reference, not duplicated.
 It's in-order, so the last source will override properties of the same
 name in previous arguments.
 
 <pre>
_.extend({name: 'moe'}, {age: 50});
=&gt; {name: 'moe', age: 50}
</pre>

extendOwn<code>_.extendOwn(destination, *sources)</code>
 Alias: assign
 
 Like extend, but only copies own properties over to the
 destination object.

pick<code>_.pick(object, *keys)</code>
 
 Return a copy of the object, filtered to only have values for
 the allowed keys (or array of valid keys). Alternatively
 accepts a predicate indicating which keys to pick.
 
 <pre>
_.pick({name: 'moe', age: 50, userid: 'moe1'}, 'name', 'age');
=&gt; {name: 'moe', age: 50}
_.pick({name: 'moe', age: 50, userid: 'moe1'}, function(value, key, object) {
 return _.isNumber(value);
});
=&gt; {age: 50}
</pre>

omit<code>_.omit(object, *keys)</code>
 
 Return a copy of the object, filtered to omit the disallowed
 keys (or array of keys). Alternatively accepts a predicate
 indicating which keys to omit.
 
 <pre>
_.omit({name: 'moe', age: 50, userid: 'moe1'}, 'userid');
=&gt; {name: 'moe', age: 50}
_.omit({name: 'moe', age: 50, userid: 'moe1'}, function(value, key, object) {
 return _.isNumber(value);
});
=&gt; {name: 'moe', userid: 'moe1'}
</pre>

defaults<code>_.defaults(object, *defaults)</code>
 
 Returns object after filling in its <tt>undefined</tt> properties
 with the first value present in the following list of defaults objects.
 
 <pre>
var iceCream = {flavor: "chocolate"};
_.defaults(iceCream, {flavor: "vanilla", sprinkles: "lots"});
=&gt; {flavor: "chocolate", sprinkles: "lots"}
</pre>

clone<code>_.clone(object)</code>
 
 Create a shallow-copied clone of the provided plain object.
 Any nested objects or arrays will be copied by reference, not duplicated.
 
 <pre>
_.clone({name: 'moe'});
=&gt; {name: 'moe'};
</pre>

tap<code>_.tap(object, interceptor)</code>
 
 Invokes interceptor with the object, and then returns object.
 The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
 
 <pre>
_.chain([1,2,3,200])
 .filter(function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; })
 .tap(alert)
 .map(function(num) { return num * num })
 .value();
=&gt; // [2, 200] (alerted)
=&gt; [4, 40000]
</pre>

toPath<code>_.toPath(path)</code> 
 Ensures that path is an array. If path is a string, it is
 wrapped in a single-element array; if it is an array already, it is
 returned unmodified.
 
 <pre>
_.toPath('key');
=&gt; ['key']
_.toPath(['a', 0, 'b']);
=&gt; ['a', 0, 'b'] // (same array)
</pre>
 
 <tt>_.toPath</tt> is used internally in <tt>has</tt>, <tt>get</tt>,
 <tt>invoke</tt>, <tt>property</tt>, <tt>propertyOf</tt> and
 <tt>result</tt>, as well as in <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a>
 and all functions that depend on it, in order to normalize deep
 property paths. You can override <tt>_.toPath</tt> if you want to
 customize this behavior, for example to enable Lodash-like string path
 shorthands. Be advised that altering <tt>_.toPath</tt> will unavoidably
 cause some keys to become unreachable; override at your own risk.
 
 <pre>
// Support dotted path shorthands.
var originalToPath = _.toPath;
_.mixin({
 toPath: function(path) {
 return _.isString(path) ? path.split('.') : originalToPath(path);
 }
});
_.get({a: [{b: 5}]}, 'a.0.b');
=&gt; 5
</pre>

get<code>_.get(object, path, [default])</code> 
 Returns the specified property of object. path may be
 specified as a simple key, or as an array of object keys or array
 indexes, for deep property fetching. If the property does not exist or
 is <tt>undefined</tt>, the optional default is returned.
 
 <pre>
_.get({a: 10}, 'a');
=&gt; 10
_.get({a: [{b: 2}]}, ['a', 0, 'b']);
=&gt; 2
_.get({a: 10}, 'b', 100);
=&gt; 100
</pre>

has<code>_.has(object, key)</code>
 
 Does the object contain the given key? Identical to
 <tt>object.hasOwnProperty(key)</tt>, but uses a safe reference to the
 <tt>hasOwnProperty</tt> function, in case it's been

<a href="https://www.pixelstech.net/article/1326986170-An-Object-is-not-a-Hash">overridden accidentally</a>.
 
 <pre>
_.has({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}, "b");
=&gt; true
</pre>

property<code>_.property(path)</code>
 
 Returns a function that will return the specified property of any
 passed-in object. <tt>path</tt> may be specified as a simple key, or
 as an array of object keys or array indexes, for deep property fetching.
 
 <pre>
var stooge = {name: 'moe'};
'moe' === _.property('name')(stooge);
=&gt; true

var stooges = {moe: {fears: {worst: 'Spiders'}}, curly: {fears: {worst: 'Moe'}}};
var curlysWorstFear = _.property(['curly', 'fears', 'worst']);
curlysWorstFear(stooges);
=&gt; 'Moe'
</pre>

propertyOf<code>_.propertyOf(object)</code>
 
 Inverse of <tt>_.property</tt>. Takes an object and returns a function
 which will return the value of a provided property.
 
 <pre>
var stooge = {name: 'moe'};
_.propertyOf(stooge)('name');
=&gt; 'moe'</pre>

matcher<code>_.matcher(attrs)</code>
 Alias: matches
 
 Returns a predicate function that will tell you if a passed in object
 contains all of the key/value properties present in attrs.
 
 <pre>
var ready = _.matcher({selected: true, visible: true});
var readyToGoList = _.filter(list, ready);</pre>

isEqual<code>_.isEqual(object, other)</code>
 
 Performs an optimized deep comparison between the two objects, to determine
 if they should be considered equal.
 
 <pre>
var stooge = {name: 'moe', luckyNumbers: [13, 27, 34]};
var clone = {name: 'moe', luckyNumbers: [13, 27, 34]};
stooge == clone;
=&gt; false
_.isEqual(stooge, clone);
=&gt; true
</pre>

isMatch<code>_.isMatch(object, properties)</code>
 
 Tells you if the keys and values in properties are contained
 in object.
 
 <pre>
var stooge = {name: 'moe', age: 32};
_.isMatch(stooge, {age: 32});
=&gt; true
</pre>

isEmpty<code>_.isEmpty(collection)</code>
 
 Returns true if collection has no elements. For strings
 and array-like objects <tt>_.isEmpty</tt> checks if the length property
 is 0. For other objects, it returns true if the object has no
 enumerable own-properties. Note that primitive numbers, booleans and
 symbols are always empty by this definition.
 
 <pre>
_.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
=&gt; false
_.isEmpty({});
=&gt; true
</pre>

isElement<code>_.isElement(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is a DOM element.
 
 <pre>
_.isElement(jQuery('body')[0]);
=&gt; true
</pre>

isArray<code>_.isArray(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is an Array.
 
 <pre>
(function(){ return _.isArray(arguments); })();
=&gt; false
_.isArray([1,2,3]);
=&gt; true
</pre>

isObject<code>_.isObject(value)</code>
 
 Returns true if value is an Object. Note that JavaScript
 arrays and functions are objects, while (normal) strings and numbers are not.
 
 <pre>
_.isObject({});
=&gt; true
_.isObject(1);
=&gt; false
</pre>

isArguments<code>_.isArguments(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is an Arguments object.
 
 <pre>
(function(){ return _.isArguments(arguments); })(1, 2, 3);
=&gt; true
_.isArguments([1,2,3]);
=&gt; false
</pre>

isFunction<code>_.isFunction(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is a Function.
 
 <pre>
_.isFunction(alert);
=&gt; true
</pre>

isString<code>_.isString(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is a String.
 
 <pre>
_.isString("moe");
=&gt; true
</pre>

isNumber<code>_.isNumber(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is a Number (including <tt>NaN</tt>).
 
 <pre>
_.isNumber(8.4 * 5);
=&gt; true
</pre>

isFinite<code>_.isFinite(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is a finite Number.
 
 <pre>
_.isFinite(-101);
=&gt; true

_.isFinite(-Infinity);
=&gt; false
</pre>

isBoolean<code>_.isBoolean(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is either true or false.
 
 <pre>
_.isBoolean(null);
=&gt; false
</pre>

isDate<code>_.isDate(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is a Date.
 
 <pre>
_.isDate(new Date());
=&gt; true
</pre>

isRegExp<code>_.isRegExp(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is a RegExp.
 
 <pre>
_.isRegExp(/moe/);
=&gt; true
</pre>

isError<code>_.isError(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object inherits from an Error.
 
 <pre>
try {
 throw new TypeError("Example");
} catch (o_O) {
 _.isError(o_O);
}
=&gt; true
</pre>

isSymbol<code>_.isSymbol(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Symbol">Symbol</a>.
 
 <pre>
_.isSymbol(Symbol());
=&gt; true
</pre>

isMap<code>_.isMap(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Map">Map</a>.
 
 <pre>
_.isMap(new Map());
=&gt; true
</pre>

isWeakMap<code>_.isWeakMap(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WeakMap">WeakMap</a>.
 
 <pre>
_.isWeakMap(new WeakMap());
=&gt; true
</pre>

isSet<code>_.isSet(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Set">Set</a>.
 
 <pre>
_.isSet(new Set());
=&gt; true
</pre>

isWeakSet<code>_.isWeakSet(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WeakSet">WeakSet</a>.
 
 <pre>
_.isWeakSet(WeakSet());
=&gt; true
</pre>

isArrayBuffer<code>_.isArrayBuffer(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is an <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer">ArrayBuffer</a>.
 
 <pre>
_.isArrayBuffer(new ArrayBuffer(8));
=&gt; true
</pre>

isDataView<code>_.isDataView(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView">DataView</a>.
 
 <pre>
_.isDataView(new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(8)));
=&gt; true
</pre>

isTypedArray<code>_.isTypedArray(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray">TypedArray</a>.
 
 <pre>
_.isTypedArray(new Int8Array(8));
=&gt; true
</pre>

isNaN<code>_.isNaN(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if object is NaN. Note: this is not
 the same as the native isNaN function, which will also return
 true for many other not-number values, such as <tt>undefined</tt>.
 
 <pre>
_.isNaN(NaN);
=&gt; true
isNaN(undefined);
=&gt; true
_.isNaN(undefined);
=&gt; false
</pre>

isNull<code>_.isNull(object)</code>
 
 Returns true if the value of object is null.
 
 <pre>
_.isNull(null);
=&gt; true
_.isNull(undefined);
=&gt; false
</pre>

isUndefined<code>_.isUndefined(value)</code>
 
 Returns true if value is undefined.
 
 <pre>
_.isUndefined(window.missingVariable);
=&gt; true
</pre>

<h2 id="utility">Utility Functions</h2>

noConflict<code>_.noConflict()</code>
 
 Give control of the global <tt>_</tt> variable back to its previous
 owner. Returns a reference to the Underscore object.
 
 <pre>
var underscore = _.noConflict();
</pre>
 
 The <tt>_.noConflict</tt> function is not present if you use the EcmaScript 6, AMD or CommonJS module system to import Underscore.

identity<code>_.identity(value)</code>
 
 Returns the same value that is used as the argument. In math:
 <tt>f(x) = x</tt> 
 This function looks useless, but is used throughout Underscore as
 a default iteratee.
 
 <pre>
var stooge = {name: 'moe'};
stooge === _.identity(stooge);
=&gt; true
</pre>

constant<code>_.constant(value)</code>
 
 Creates a function that returns the same value that is used as the
 argument of <tt>_.constant</tt>.
 
 <pre>
var stooge = {name: 'moe'};
stooge === _.constant(stooge)();
=&gt; true</pre>

noop<code>_.noop()</code>
 
 Returns <tt>undefined</tt> irrespective of the arguments passed to it.
 Useful as the default for optional callback arguments.
 
 <pre>
obj.initialize = _.noop;
</pre>

times<code>_.times(n, iteratee, [context])</code>
 
 Invokes the given iteratee function n times. Each invocation of
 <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a> is called with an <tt>index</tt> argument.
 Produces an array of the returned values.
 
 <pre>
_.times(3, function(n){ genie.grantWishNumber(n); });</pre>

random<code>_.random(min, max)</code>
 
 Returns a random integer between min and max, inclusive.
 If you only pass one argument, it will return a number between <tt>0</tt>
 and that number.
 
 <pre>
_.random(0, 100);
=&gt; 42</pre>

mixin<code>_.mixin(object)</code>
 
 Allows you to extend Underscore with your own utility functions. Pass
 a hash of <tt>{name: function}</tt> definitions to have your functions
 added to the Underscore object, as well as the OOP wrapper. Returns the
 Underscore object to facilitate chaining.
 <pre>
_.mixin({
 capitalize: function(string) {
 return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.substring(1).toLowerCase();
 }
});
_("fabio").capitalize();
=&gt; "Fabio"
</pre>

iteratee<code>_.iteratee(value, [context])</code>
 
 Generates a callback that can be applied to each element in
 a collection. <tt>_.iteratee</tt> supports a number of shorthand
 syntaxes for common callback use cases. Depending upon <tt>value</tt>'s
 type, <tt>_.iteratee</tt> will return:
 
 <pre>
// No value
_.iteratee();
=> _.identity()

// Function
_.iteratee(function(n) { return n * 2; });
=> function(n) { return n * 2; }

// Object
_.iteratee({firstName: 'Chelsea'});
=> _.matcher({firstName: 'Chelsea'});

// Anything else
_.iteratee('firstName');
=> _.property('firstName');</pre>

The following Underscore methods transform their predicates through
 <tt>_.iteratee</tt>: <tt>countBy</tt>, <tt>every</tt>,
 <tt>filter</tt>, <tt>find</tt>, <tt>findIndex</tt>, <tt>findKey</tt>,
 <tt>findLastIndex</tt>, <tt>groupBy</tt>, <tt>indexBy</tt>,
 <tt>map</tt>, <tt>mapObject</tt>, <tt>max</tt>, <tt>min</tt>,
 <tt>partition</tt>, <tt>reject</tt>, <tt>some</tt>, <tt>sortBy</tt>,
 <tt>sortedIndex</tt>, and <tt>uniq</tt>

You may overwrite <tt>_.iteratee</tt> with your own custom function,
 if you want additional or different shorthand syntaxes:
 
 <pre>
// Support `RegExp` predicate shorthand.
var builtinIteratee = _.iteratee;
_.iteratee = function(value, context) {
 if (_.isRegExp(value)) return function(obj) { return value.test(obj) };
 return builtinIteratee(value, context);
};</pre>
 
 uniqueId<code>_.uniqueId([prefix])</code>
 
 Generate a globally-unique id for client-side models or DOM elements
 that need one. If prefix is passed, the id will be appended to it.
 
 <pre>
_.uniqueId('contact_');
=&gt; 'contact_104'</pre>

escape<code>_.escape(string)</code>
 
 Escapes a string for insertion into HTML, replacing
 <tt>&amp;</tt>, <tt>&lt;</tt>, <tt>&gt;</tt>, <tt>&quot;</tt>, <tt>&#x60;</tt>, and <tt>&#x27;</tt> characters.
 
 <pre>
_.escape('Curly, Larry &amp; Moe');
=&gt; "Curly, Larry &amp;amp; Moe"</pre>

unescape<code>_.unescape(string)</code>
 
 The opposite of <a href="#escape">escape</a>, replaces
 <tt>&amp;amp;</tt>, <tt>&amp;lt;</tt>, <tt>&amp;gt;</tt>,
 <tt>&amp;quot;</tt>, <tt>&amp;#x60;</tt> and <tt>&amp;#x27;</tt>
 with their unescaped counterparts.
 
 <pre>
_.unescape('Curly, Larry &amp;amp; Moe');
=&gt; "Curly, Larry &amp; Moe"</pre>

result<code>_.result(object, property, [defaultValue])</code>
 
 If the value of the named property is a function then invoke it
 with the object as context; otherwise, return it. If a default value
 is provided and the property doesn't exist or is undefined then the default
 will be returned. If <tt>defaultValue</tt> is a function its result will be returned.
 
 <pre>
var object = {cheese: 'crumpets', stuff: function(){ return 'nonsense'; }};
_.result(object, 'cheese');
=&gt; "crumpets"
_.result(object, 'stuff');
=&gt; "nonsense"
_.result(object, 'meat', 'ham');
=&gt; "ham"
</pre>

now<code>_.now()</code>
 
 Returns an integer timestamp for the current time, using the fastest
 method available in the runtime. Useful for implementing timing/animation
 functions.
 
 <pre>
_.now();
=&gt; 1392066795351
</pre>

template<code>_.template(templateString, [settings])</code>
 
 Compiles JavaScript templates into functions that can be evaluated
 for rendering. Useful for rendering complicated bits of HTML from JSON
 data sources. Template functions can both interpolate values, using
 <tt>&lt;%= &hellip; %&gt;</tt>, as well as execute arbitrary JavaScript code, with
 <tt>&lt;% &hellip; %&gt;</tt>. If you wish to interpolate a value, and have
 it be HTML-escaped, use <tt>&lt;%- &hellip; %&gt;</tt>. When you evaluate a
 template function, pass in a data object that has properties
 corresponding to the template's free variables. The settings argument
 should be a hash containing any <tt>_.templateSettings</tt> that should be overridden.

<pre>
var compiled = _.template("hello: &lt;%= name %&gt;");
compiled({name: 'moe'});
=&gt; "hello: moe"

var template = _.template("&lt;b&gt;&lt;%- value %&gt;&lt;/b&gt;");
template({value: '&lt;script&gt;'});
=&gt; "&lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;"</pre>

You can also use <tt>print</tt> from within JavaScript code. This is
 sometimes more convenient than using <tt>&lt;%= ... %&gt;</tt>.

<pre>
var compiled = _.template("&lt;% print('Hello ' + epithet); %&gt;");
compiled({epithet: "stooge"});
=&gt; "Hello stooge"</pre>

If ERB-style delimiters aren't your cup of tea, you can change Underscore's
 template settings to use different symbols to set off interpolated code.
 Define an interpolate regex to match expressions that should be
 interpolated verbatim, an escape regex to match expressions that should
 be inserted after being HTML-escaped, and an evaluate regex to match
 expressions that should be evaluated without insertion into the resulting
 string. Note that if part of your template matches more than one of these
 regexes, the first will be applied by the following order of priority:
 (1) escape, (2) interpolate, (3) evaluate. You may
 define or omit any combination of the three. For example, to perform
 <a href="https://github.com/janl/mustache.js#readme">Mustache.js</a>-style
 templating:

<pre>
_.templateSettings = {
 interpolate: /\{\{(.+?)\}\}/g
};

var template = _.template("Hello {{ name }}!");
template({name: "Mustache"});
=&gt; "Hello Mustache!"</pre>

By default, template places the values from your data in the local scope
 via the <tt>with</tt> statement. However, you can specify a single variable name
 with the variable setting. This can significantly improve the speed
 at which a template is able to render.

<pre>
_.template("Using 'with': <%= data.answer %>", {variable: 'data'})({answer: 'no'});
=&gt; "Using 'with': no"</pre>

Precompiling your templates can be a big help when debugging errors you can't
 reproduce. This is because precompiled templates can provide line numbers and
 a stack trace, something that is not possible when compiling templates on the client.
 The source property is available on the compiled template
 function for easy precompilation.

<pre>&lt;script&gt;
 JST.project = <%= _.template(jstText).source %>;
&lt;/script&gt;</pre>

<h2 id="oop">Object-Oriented Style</h2>

You can use Underscore in either an object-oriented or a functional style,
 depending on your preference. The following two lines of code are
 identical ways to double a list of numbers.

<pre>
_.map([1, 2, 3], function(n){ return n * 2; });
_([1, 2, 3]).map(function(n){ return n * 2; });</pre>

<h2 id="chaining">Chaining</h2>

Calling <tt>chain</tt> will cause all future method calls to return
 wrapped objects. When you've finished the computation, call
 <tt>value</tt> to retrieve the final value. Here's an example of chaining
 together a map/flatten/reduce, in order to get the word count of
 every word in a song.

<pre>
var lyrics = [
 {line: 1, words: "I'm a lumberjack and I'm okay"},
 {line: 2, words: "I sleep all night and I work all day"},
 {line: 3, words: "He's a lumberjack and he's okay"},
 {line: 4, words: "He sleeps all night and he works all day"}
];

_.chain(lyrics)
  .map(function(line) { return line.words.split(' '); })
  .flatten()
  .reduce(function(counts, word) {
    counts[word] = (counts[word] || 0) + 1;
    return counts;
  }, {})
  .value();

=&gt; {lumberjack: 2, all: 4, night: 2 ... }</pre>

In addition, the
 <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/prototype">Array prototype's methods</a>
 are proxied through the chained Underscore object, so you can slip a
 <tt>reverse</tt> or a <tt>push</tt> into your chain, and continue to
 modify the array.

chain<code>_.chain(obj)</code>
 
 Returns a wrapped object. Calling methods on this object will continue
 to return wrapped objects until <tt>value</tt> is called.
 
 <pre>
var stooges = [{name: 'curly', age: 25}, {name: 'moe', age: 21}, {name: 'larry', age: 23}];
var youngest = _.chain(stooges)
 .sortBy(function(stooge){ return stooge.age; })
 .map(function(stooge){ return stooge.name + ' is ' + stooge.age; })
 .first()
 .value();
=&gt; "moe is 21"
</pre>

value<code>_.chain(obj).value()</code>
 
 Extracts the value of a wrapped object.
 
 <pre>
_.chain([1, 2, 3]).reverse().value();
=&gt; [3, 2, 1]
</pre>

<h2 id="links">Links &amp; Suggested Reading</h2>

<a href="https://mirven.github.io/underscore.lua/">Underscore.lua</a>,
 a Lua port of the functions that are applicable in both languages.
 Includes OOP-wrapping and chaining.
 (<a href="https://github.com/mirven/underscore.lua">source</a>)

<a href="https://www.dollarswift.org/">Dollar.swift</a>, a Swift port
 of many of the Underscore.js functions and more.
 (<a href="https://github.com/ankurp/Dollar.swift">source</a>)

<a href="https://underscorem.org/">Underscore.m</a>, an Objective-C port
 of many of the Underscore.js functions, using a syntax that encourages
 chaining.
 (<a href="https://github.com/robb/Underscore.m">source</a>)

<a href="https://kmalakoff.github.io/_.m/">_.m</a>, an alternative
 Objective-C port that tries to stick a little closer to the original
 Underscore.js API.
 (<a href="https://github.com/kmalakoff/_.m">source</a>)

<a href="https://github.com/bdelespierre/underscore.php">Underscore.php</a>,
 a PHP port of the functions that are applicable in both languages.
 Tailored for PHP 5.4 and made with data-type tolerance in mind.
 (<a href="https://github.com/bdelespierre/underscore.php">source</a>)

<a href="https://vti.github.io/underscore-perl/">Underscore-perl</a>,
 a Perl port of many of the Underscore.js functions,
 aimed at on Perl hashes and arrays.
 (<a href="https://github.com/vti/underscore-perl">source</a>)

<a href="https://russplaysguitar.github.io/UnderscoreCF/">Underscore.cfc</a>,
 a Coldfusion port of many of the Underscore.js functions.
 (<a href="https://github.com/russplaysguitar/underscorecf">source</a>)

<a href="https://epeli.github.io/underscore.string/">Underscore.string</a>,
 an Underscore extension that adds functions for string-manipulation:
 <tt>trim</tt>, <tt>startsWith</tt>, <tt>contains</tt>, <tt>capitalize</tt>,
 <tt>reverse</tt>, <tt>sprintf</tt>, and more.

<a href="https://javadev.github.io/underscore-java/">Underscore-java</a>,
 a java port of the functions that are applicable in both languages.
 Includes OOP-wrapping and chaining.
 (<a href="https://github.com/javadev/underscore-java">source</a>)

Ruby's <a href="https://ruby-doc.org/core/classes/Enumerable.html">Enumerable</a> module.

<a href="https://prototypejs.org/">Prototype.js</a>, which provides
 JavaScript with collection functions in the manner closest to Ruby's Enumerable.

Oliver Steele's
 <a href="https://osteele.com/sources/javascript/functional/">Functional JavaScript</a>,
 which includes comprehensive higher-order function support as well as string lambdas.

Michael Aufreiter's <a href="https://github.com/substance/data">Data.js</a>,
 a data manipulation + persistence library for JavaScript.

Python's <a href="https://docs.python.org/library/itertools.html">itertools</a>.

<a href="https://toolz.readthedocs.org/">PyToolz</a>, a Python port
 that extends itertools and functools to include much of the
 Underscore API.

<a href="https://github.com/Suor/funcy">Funcy</a>, a practical
 collection of functional helpers for Python, partially inspired by Underscore.

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

On the use of <tt>&lt;</tt> in Underscore
 
 Underscore functions that depend on ordering, such as
 <a href="#sortBy"><tt>_.sortBy</tt></a> and
 <a href="#sortedIndex"><tt>_.sortedIndex</tt></a>, use
 JavaScript&rsquo;s built-in
 <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Comparison_Operators#Relational_operators">relational operators</a>,
 specifically the &ldquo;less than&rdquo; operator <tt>&lt;</tt>. It is
 important to understand that these operators are only meaningful for
 numbers and strings. You can throw any value to them, but JavaScript
 will convert the operands to string or number first before performing
 the actual comparison. If you pass an operand that
 cannot be meaningfully converted to string or number, it ends up being
 <tt>NaN</tt> by default. This value is unsortable.
 
 
 Ideally, the values that you are sorting should either be all
 (meaningfully convertible to) strings or all (meaningfully convertible
 to) numbers. If this is not the case, you have two options:
 <ul>
 <li>
 <a href="#filter"><tt>_.filter</tt></a> out all unsortable values
 first.
 </li>
 <li>
 Pick a target type, i.e., either string or number, and pass an
 <a href="#iteratee"><tt>iteratee</tt></a> to your Underscore
 function that will convert its argument to a sensible instance of
 the target type. For example, if you have an array of numbers that
 you want to sort and that may occasionally contain <tt>null</tt> or
 <tt>undefined</tt>, you can control whether you want to sort these
 before or after all numbers by passing an <tt>iteratee</tt> to
 <tt>_.sortBy</tt> that returns <tt>-Infinity</tt> or
 <tt>+Infinity</tt> for such values, respectively. Or maybe you want
 to treat them as zeros; it is up to you. The same <tt>iteratee</tt>
 can also be passed to other Underscore functions to ensure that the
 behavior is consistent.
 </li>
 </ul>

<h2 id="changelog">Change Log</h2>

1.13.4 &mdash; June 2, 2022 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.13.3...1.13.4">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.13.4/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Fixes a compatibility issue with WebPack module federation.
 </li>
 <li>
 Documentation improvements.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.13.3 &mdash; April 23, 2022 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.13.2...1.13.3">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.13.3/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Fixes a compatibility issue with ExtendScript.
 </li>
 <li>
 Various improvements to testing and continuous integration,
 including the addition of security scanning and a reduced carbon
 footprint.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.13.2 &mdash; December 16, 2021 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.13.1...1.13.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.13.2/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Fixes a regression introduced in 1.9.0 that caused
 <tt>_.sample</tt> and <tt>_.shuffle</tt> to no longer work on
 strings.
 </li>
 <li>
 Fixes an issue in IE8 compatibility code.
 </li>
 <li>
 Makes the website mobile-friendly.
 </li>
 <li>
 Various other minor documentation enhancements and a new test.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.13.1 &mdash; April 15, 2021 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.13.0...1.13.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.13.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Restores the <tt>underscore.js</tt> alias committed to the GitHub
 repository.
 </li>
 <li>
 Adds some build clarifications to the documentation.
 </li>
 <li>
 No code changes.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.13.0 &mdash; April 9, 2021 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.13.0-3...1.13.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.13.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Merges the changes from the 1.13.0-0 through 1.13.0-3 preview
 releases into the main release stream following version 1.12.1. As
 of this release, ESM support is 100%.
 </li>
 <li>
 Adds a <a
 href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/security/policy"
 >security policy</a> to the documentation.
 </li>
 <li>
 Adds funding information to the documentation.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.13.0-3 &mdash; March 31, 2021 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.13.0-2...1.13.0-3">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.13.0-3/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Adds a <tt>"module"</tt> exports condition to the
 <tt>package.json</tt>, which should theoretically help to avoid
 duplicate code bundling with <tt>exports</tt>-aware build tools.
 </li>
 <li>
 Re-synchronizes some comments and documentation text with the
 1.12.x branch.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.13.0-2 &mdash; March 15, 2021 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.13.0-1...1.13.0-2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.13.0-2/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Fixes the same security issue in <tt>_.template</tt> as the
 parallel 1.12.1 release.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.12.1 &mdash; March 15, 2021 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.12.0...1.12.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.12.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Fixes a security issue in <tt>_.template</tt> that could enable a
 third party to inject code in compiled templates. This issue
 affects all versions of Underscore between 1.3.2 and 1.12.0,
 inclusive, as well as preview releases 1.13.0-0 and 1.13.0-1. The
 fix in this release is also included in the parallel preview
 release 1.13.0-2. <a
 href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-23358"
 >CVE-2021-23358</a>
 </li>
 <li>
 Restores an optimization in <tt>_.debounce</tt> that was
 unintentionally lost in version 1.9.0 (same as in parallel preview
 release 1.13.0-0).
 </li>
 <li>
 Various test and documentation enhancements (same as in parallel
 preview releases 1.13.0-0 and 1.13.0-1).
 </li>
 </ul>

1.13.0-1 &mdash; March 11, 2021 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.13.0-0...1.13.0-1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.13.0-1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Fixes an issue that caused aliases to be absent among the named
 exports in the new native ESM entry point for Node.js 12+.
 </li>
 <li>
 More test and documentation fixes and enhancements.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.13.0-0 &mdash; March 9, 2021 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.12.0...1.13.0-0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.13.0-0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Adds experimental support for native ESM imports in Node.js. You
 can now also do named imports or even deep module imports directly
 from a Node.js process in Node.js version 12 and later. Monolithic
 imports are recommended for use in production. State (such as
 mixed-in functions) is shared between CommonJS and ESM consumers.
 </li>
 <li>
 Renames the UMD bundle to <tt>underscore-umd.js</tt> for
 consistency with the other bundle names. An alias named
 <tt>underscore.js</tt> is retained for backwards compatibility.
 </li>
 <li>
 Restores an optimization in <tt>_.debounce</tt> that was
 unintentionally lost in version 1.9.0.
 </li>
 <li>
 Various test and documentation enhancements.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.12.0 &mdash; November 24, 2020 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.11.0...1.12.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.12.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Adds the <tt>_.get</tt> and <tt>_.toPath</tt> functions. The latter
 can be overridden in order to customize the interpretation of deep
 property paths throughout Underscore. A future version of
 Underscore-contrib will be providing a ready-made function for this
 purpose; users will be able to opt in to string-based path
 shorthands such as <tt>'a.0.b'</tt> and <tt>'a[0]["b"]'</tt> by
 using that function from Underscore-contrib to override
 <tt>_.toPath</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Fixes a bug in <tt>_.isEqual</tt> that caused typed arrays to
 compare equal when viewing different segments of the same
 underlying <tt>ArrayBuffer</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Improves the compatibility of <tt>_.isEqual</tt>,
 <tt>_.isDataView</tt>, <tt>_.isMap</tt>, <tt>_.isWeakMap</tt> and
 <tt>_.isSet</tt> with some older browsers, especially IE 11.
 </li>
 <li>
 Significantly enhances the performance of <tt>_.isEmpty</tt> and
 several members of the isType family of functions.
 </li>
 <li>
 Speeds up <tt>_.isEqual</tt> comparison of typed arrays and
 <tt>DataView</tt>s with idential <tt>buffer</tt>,
 <tt>byteOffset</tt> and <tt>byteLength</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Restores cross-browser testing during continuous integration to its
 former glory and adds documentation about engine compatibility.
 </li>
 <li>
 Slims down the development dependencies for testing.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.11.0 &mdash; August 28, 2020 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.10.2...1.11.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.11.0/index.html">Docs</a> &mdash; <a href="https://juliangonggrijp.com/article/introducing-modular-underscore.html">Article</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Puts the source of every function in a separate module, following
 up on the move to EcmaScript 6 <tt>export</tt> notation in <a
 href="#1.10.0">version 1.10.0</a>. AMD and CommonJS versions of the
 function modules are provided as well. This brings perfect
 treeshaking to all users and unlocks the possibility to create
 arbitrary custom Underscore builds without code size overhead.
 <tt>modules/index.js</tt> is still present and the UMD bundle is
 still recommended for most users. 
 Since the modularization obfuscates the diff, piecewise diffs are provided below.
 <ul>
 <li><a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.10.2...3236023">
 Changes before modularization
 </a></li>
 <li><a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/3236023...240d60a">
 Modularization itself
 </a></li>
 <li><a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/240d60a...1.11.0">
 Changes after modularization
 </a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li>
 Adds a monolithic bundle in EcmaScript 6 module format,
 <tt>underscore-esm.js</tt>, as a modern alternative to the
 monolithic UMD bundle. Users who want to use ES module imports in
 the browser are advised to use this new bundle instead of
 <tt>modules/index.js</tt>, because <tt>underscore-esm.js</tt>
 provides the complete Underscore interface in a single download.
 </li>
 <li>
 Adds a modular version of the annotated source, reflecting the full
 internal structure of the primary source code.
 </li>
 <li>
 Adds <tt>_.isArrayBuffer</tt>, <tt>_.isDataView</tt> and
 <tt>_.isTypedArray</tt> functions, as well as support for the
 corresponding value types to <tt>_.isEqual</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Adds the option to flatten arrays to a specific depth:
 <tt>_.flatten(anArray, 3)</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Adds <tt>_.transpose</tt> as an alias to <tt>_.unzip</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Fixes an inconsistency where <tt>Array.prototype</tt> methods on
 the Underscore wrapper would error when the wrapped value is
 <tt>null</tt> or <tt>undefined</tt>. These methods now perform a
 no-op on null values like the other Underscore functions.
 </li>
 <li>
 Fixes a bug that caused <tt>_.first</tt> and <tt>_.last</tt> to
 return <tt>[]</tt> instead of <tt>undefined</tt> for empty arrays
 when used as an iteratee.
 </li>
 <li>
 Fixes a regression introduced in version 1.9.0 that caused
 <tt>_.bindAll</tt> to return <tt>undefined</tt> instead of the
 bound object.
 </li>
 <li>
 Restores continuous integration testing with Travis CI.
 </li>
 <li>
 Replaces stigmatizing
 &ldquo;whitelist&rdquo;/&ldquo;blacklist&rdquo; terminology in
 comments and documentation by neutral
 &ldquo;allowed&rdquo;/&ldquo;disallowed&rdquo; terminology.
 </li>
 <li>
 Various clarifications and minor enhancements and fixes to the
 documentation, source comments and a test.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.10.2 &mdash; March 30, 2020 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.10.1...1.10.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.10.2/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Fixes a bug introduced with <tt>1.10.0</tt>, while using the legacy
 Node.js require API: <tt>var _ = require("underscore")._</tt>
 </li>
 </ul>

1.10.1 &mdash; March 30, 2020 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.10.0...1.10.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.10.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Fixed relative links among the ES Modules to include the file
 extension, for web browser support.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.10.0 &mdash; March 30, 2020 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.9.2...1.10.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.10.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Reformats the source code to use EcmaScript 6 <tt>export</tt>
 notation. The <tt>underscore.js</tt> UMD bundle is now compiled
 from underlying source modules instead of being the
 source. From now on, Rollup users have the option to import from
 the underlying source module in order to enable treeshaking.
 </li>
 <li>
 Explicitly states in the documentation, and verifies in the
 unittests, that <tt>_.sortedIndex(array, value)</tt> always returns
 the lower bound, i.e., the smallest index, at which <tt>value</tt>
 may be inserted in <tt>array</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Makes the notation of the <tt>_.max</tt> unittest consistent with
 other unittests.
 </li>
 <li>
 Fixes a bug that would cause infinite recursion if an overridden
 implementation of <tt>_.iteratee</tt> attempted to fall back to the
 original implementation.
 </li>
 <li>
 Restores compatibility with EcmaScript 3 and ExtendScript.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.9.2 &mdash; Jan 6, 2020 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.9.1...1.9.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.9.2/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 No code changes. Updated a test to help out
 <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/31167#issuecomment-571022478">CITGM</a>.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.9.1 &mdash; May 31, 2018 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.9.0...1.9.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.9.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Fixes edge-case regressions from 1.9.0, including certain forms
 of calling <tt>_.first</tt> and <tt>_.last</tt> on an empty array,
 and passing arrays as keys to <tt>_.countBy</tt> and <tt>_.groupBy</tt>.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.9.0 &mdash; April 18, 2018 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.8.3...1.9.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.9.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Adds the <tt>_.restArguments</tt> function for variadic function
 handling.
 </li>
 <li>
 Adds the <tt>_.chunk</tt> function for chunking up an array.
 </li>
 <li>
 Adds a <tt>_.isSymbol</tt>, <tt>_.isMap</tt>, <tt>_.isWeakMap</tt>,
 <tt>_.isSet</tt> and <tt>_.isWeakSet</tt> functions.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.throttle</tt> and <tt>_.debounce</tt> return functions that now
 have a <tt>.cancel()</tt> method, which can be used to cancel any
 scheduled calls.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.property</tt> now accepts arrays of keys and indexes as path
 specifiers, for looking up a deep properties of a value.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.range</tt> now accepts negative ranges to generate descending
 arrays.
 </li>
 <li>
 Adds support for several environments including: WebWorkers,
 browserify and ES6 imports.
 </li>
 <li>
 Removes the <tt>component.json</tt> as the Component package
 management system is discontinued.
 </li>
 <li>
 The placeholder used for partial is now configurable by setting
 <code>_.partial.placeholder</code>.
 </li>
 <li>
 <code>_.bindAll</code> now accepts arrays or arguments for keys.
 </li>
 <li>
 Three years of performance improvements.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.8.3 &mdash; April 2, 2015 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.8.2...1.8.3">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.8.3/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Adds an <tt>_.create</tt> method, as a slimmed down version of
 <tt>Object.create</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Works around an iOS bug that can improperly cause <tt>isArrayLike</tt>
 to be JIT-ed. Also fixes a bug when passing <tt>0</tt> to <tt>isArrayLike</tt>.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.8.2 &mdash; Feb. 22, 2015 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.8.1...1.8.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.8.2/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Restores the previous old-Internet-Explorer edge cases changed in
 1.8.1.
 </li>
 <li>
 Adds a <tt>fromIndex</tt> argument to <tt>_.contains</tt>.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.8.1 &mdash; Feb. 19, 2015 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.8.0...1.8.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.8.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Fixes/changes some old-Internet Explorer and related edge case
 behavior. Test your app with Underscore 1.8.1 in an old IE and let
 us know how it's doing...
 </li>
 </ul>

1.8.0 &mdash; Feb. 19, 2015 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.7.0...1.8.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.8.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.mapObject</tt>, which is similar to <tt>_.map</tt>, but just
 for the values in your object. (A real crowd pleaser.)
 </li>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.allKeys</tt> which returns all the enumerable property
 names on an object.
 </li>
 <li>
 Reverted a 1.7.0 change where <tt>_.extend</tt> only copied "own"
 properties. Hopefully this will un-break you &mdash; if it breaks you
 again, I apologize.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.extendOwn</tt> &mdash; a less-useful form of <tt>_.extend</tt> that
 only copies over "own" properties.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.findIndex</tt> and <tt>_.findLastIndex</tt> functions,
 which nicely complement their twin-twins <tt>_.indexOf</tt> and <tt>_.lastIndexOf</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added an <tt>_.isMatch</tt> predicate function that tells you if an
 object matches key-value properties. A kissing cousin of
 <tt>_.isEqual</tt> and <tt>_.matcher</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added an <tt>_.isError</tt> function.
 </li>
 <li>
 Restored the <tt>_.unzip</tt> function as the inverse of <tt>zip</tt>.
 Flip-flopping. I know.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.result</tt> now takes an optional fallback value (or function
 that provides the fallback value).
 </li>
 <li>
 Added the <tt>_.propertyOf</tt> function generator as a mirror-world
 version of <tt>_.property</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Deprecated <tt>_.matches</tt>. It's now known by a more harmonious
 name — <tt>_.matcher</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Various and diverse code simplifications, changes for improved
 cross-platform compatibility, and edge case bug fixes.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.7.0 &mdash; August 26, 2014 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.6.0...1.7.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.7.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 For consistency and speed across browsers, Underscore now ignores
 native array methods for <tt>forEach</tt>, <tt>map</tt>, <tt>reduce</tt>,
 <tt>reduceRight</tt>, <tt>filter</tt>, <tt>every</tt>, <tt>some</tt>,
 <tt>indexOf</tt>, and <tt>lastIndexOf</tt>. "Sparse" arrays are
 officially dead in Underscore.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.iteratee</tt> to customize the iterators used by collection
 functions. Many Underscore methods will take a string argument for easier
 <tt>_.property</tt>-style lookups, an object for <tt>_.where</tt>-style
 filtering, or a function as a custom callback.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.before</tt> as a counterpart to <tt>_.after</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.negate</tt> to invert the truth value of a passed-in
 predicate.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.noop</tt> as a handy empty placeholder function.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.isEmpty</tt> now works with <tt>arguments</tt> objects.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.has</tt> now guards against nullish objects.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.omit</tt> can now take an iteratee function.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.partition</tt> is now called with <tt>index</tt> and <tt>object</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.matches</tt> creates a shallow clone of your object and only iterates
 over own properties.
 </li>
 <li>
 Aligning better with the forthcoming ECMA6 <tt>Object.assign</tt>,
 <tt>_.extend</tt> only iterates over the object's own properties.
 </li>
 <li>
 Falsy guards are no longer needed in <tt>_.extend</tt> and
 <tt>_.defaults</tt>&mdash;if the passed in argument isn't a JavaScript
 object it's just returned.
 </li>
 <li>
 Fixed a few edge cases in <tt>_.max</tt> and <tt>_.min</tt> to
 handle arrays containing <tt>NaN</tt> (like strings or other objects)
 and <tt>Infinity</tt> and <tt>-Infinity</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Override base methods like <tt>each</tt> and <tt>some</tt>
 and they'll be used internally by other Underscore functions too.
 </li>
 <li>
 The escape functions handle backticks (<tt>`</tt>), to deal with an
 IE &le; 8 bug.
 </li>
 <li>
 For consistency, <tt>_.union</tt> and <tt>_.difference</tt> now
 only work with arrays and not variadic args.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.memoize</tt> exposes the cache of memoized values as a property
 on the returned function.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.pick</tt> accepts <tt>iteratee</tt> and <tt>context</tt>
 arguments for a more advanced callback.
 </li>
 <li>
 Underscore templates no longer accept an initial <tt>data</tt> object.
 <tt>_.template</tt> always returns a function now.
 </li>
 <li>
 Optimizations and code cleanup aplenty.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.6.0 &mdash; February 10, 2014 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.5.2...1.6.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.6.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Underscore now registers itself for AMD (Require.js), Bower and Component,
 as well as being a CommonJS module and a regular (Java)Script.
 An ugliness, but perhaps a necessary one.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.partition</tt>, a way to split a collection into two lists
 of results — those that pass and those that fail a particular predicate.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.property</tt>, for easy creation of iterators that pull
 specific properties from objects. Useful in conjunction with other
 Underscore collection functions.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.matches</tt>, a function that will give you a predicate
 that can be used to tell if a given object matches a list of specified
 key/value properties.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.constant</tt>, as a higher-order <tt>_.identity</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.now</tt>, an optimized way to get a timestamp &mdash; used
 internally to speed up <tt>debounce</tt> and <tt>throttle</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 The <tt>_.partial</tt> function may now be used to partially apply
 any of its arguments, by passing <tt>_</tt> wherever you'd like a
 placeholder variable, to be filled-in later.
 </li>
 <li>
 The <tt>_.each</tt> function now returns a reference to the list for chaining.
 </li>
 <li>
 The <tt>_.keys</tt> function now returns an empty array for
 non-objects instead of throwing.
 </li>
 <li>
 &hellip; and more miscellaneous refactoring.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.5.2 &mdash; September 7, 2013 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.5.1...1.5.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.5.2/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Added an <tt>indexBy</tt> function, which fits in alongside its
 cousins, <tt>countBy</tt> and <tt>groupBy</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added a <tt>sample</tt> function, for sampling random elements from
 arrays.
 </li>
 <li>
 Some optimizations relating to functions that can be implemented
 in terms of <tt>_.keys</tt> (which includes, significantly,
 <tt>each</tt> on objects). Also for <tt>debounce</tt> in a tight loop.
 </li>
 <li>
 The <tt>_.escape</tt> function no longer escapes '/'.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.5.1 &mdash; July 8, 2013 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.5.0...1.5.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.5.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Removed <tt>unzip</tt>, as it's simply the application of <tt>zip</tt>
 to an array of arguments. Use <tt>_.zip.apply(_, list)</tt> to
 transpose instead.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.5.0 &mdash; July 6, 2013 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.4.4...1.5.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.5.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Added a new <tt>unzip</tt> function, as the inverse of <tt>_.zip</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 The <tt>throttle</tt> function now takes an <tt>options</tt> argument,
 allowing you to disable execution of the throttled function on either
 the leading or trailing edge.
 </li>
 <li>
 A source map is now supplied for easier debugging of the minified
 production build of Underscore.
 </li>
 <li>
 The <tt>defaults</tt> function now only overrides <tt>undefined</tt>
 values, not <tt>null</tt> ones.
 </li>
 <li>
 Removed the ability to call <tt>_.bindAll</tt> with no method name
 arguments. It's pretty much always wiser to allow the names of
 the methods you'd like to bind.
 </li>
 <li>
 Removed the ability to call <tt>_.after</tt> with an invocation count
 of zero. The minimum number of calls is (naturally) now <tt>1</tt>.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.4.4 &mdash; January 30, 2013 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.4.3...1.4.4">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.4.4/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.findWhere</tt>, for finding the first element in a list
 that matches a particular set of keys and values.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.partial</tt>, for partially applying a function without
 changing its dynamic reference to <tt>this</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Simplified <tt>bind</tt> by removing some edge cases involving
 constructor functions. In short: don't <tt>_.bind</tt> your
 constructors.
 </li>
 <li>
 A minor optimization to <tt>invoke</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Fix bug in the minified version due to the minifier incorrectly
 optimizing-away <tt>isFunction</tt>.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.4.3 &mdash; December 4, 2012 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.4.2...1.4.3">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.4.3/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Improved Underscore compatibility with Adobe's JS engine that can be
 used to script Illustrator, Photoshop, and friends.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added a default <tt>_.identity</tt> iterator to <tt>countBy</tt> and
 <tt>groupBy</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 The <tt>uniq</tt> function can now take <tt>array, iterator, context</tt>
 as the argument list.
 </li>
 <li>
 The <tt>times</tt> function now returns the mapped array of iterator
 results.
 </li>
 <li>
 Simplified and fixed bugs in <tt>throttle</tt>.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.4.2 &mdash; October 6, 2012 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.4.1...1.4.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.4.2/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 For backwards compatibility, returned to pre-1.4.0 behavior when
 passing <tt>null</tt> to iteration functions. They now become no-ops
 again.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.4.1 &mdash; October 1, 2012 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.4.0...1.4.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.4.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Fixed a 1.4.0 regression in the <tt>lastIndexOf</tt> function.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.4.0 &mdash; September 27, 2012 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.3.3...1.4.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.4.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Added a <tt>pairs</tt> function, for turning a JavaScript object
 into <tt>[key, value]</tt> pairs ... as well as an <tt>object</tt>
 function, for converting an array of <tt>[key, value]</tt> pairs
 into an object.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added a <tt>countBy</tt> function, for counting the number of objects
 in a list that match a certain criteria.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added an <tt>invert</tt> function, for performing a simple inversion
 of the keys and values in an object.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added a <tt>where</tt> function, for easy cases of filtering a list
 for objects with specific values.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added an <tt>omit</tt> function, for filtering an object to remove
 certain keys.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added a <tt>random</tt> function, to return a random number in a
 given range.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.debounce</tt>'d functions now return their last updated value,
 just like <tt>_.throttle</tt>'d functions do.
 </li>
 <li>
 The <tt>sortBy</tt> function now runs a stable sort algorithm.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added the optional <tt>fromIndex</tt> option to <tt>indexOf</tt> and
 <tt>lastIndexOf</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 "Sparse" arrays are no longer supported in Underscore iteration
 functions. Use a <tt>for</tt> loop instead (or better yet, an object).
 </li>
 <li>
 The <tt>min</tt> and <tt>max</tt> functions may now be called on
 very large arrays.
 </li>
 <li>
 Interpolation in templates now represents <tt>null</tt> and
 <tt>undefined</tt> as the empty string.
 </li>
 <li>
 <del>Underscore iteration functions no longer accept <tt>null</tt> values
 as a no-op argument. You'll get an early error instead.</del>
 </li>
 <li>
 A number of edge-cases fixes and tweaks, which you can spot in the
 <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.3.3...1.4.0">diff</a>.
 Depending on how you're using Underscore, 1.4.0 may be more
 backwards-incompatible than usual &mdash; please test when you upgrade.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.3.3 &mdash; April 10, 2012 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.3.1...1.3.3">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.3.3/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Many improvements to <tt>_.template</tt>, which now provides the
 <tt>source</tt> of the template function as a property, for potentially
 even more efficient pre-compilation on the server-side. You may now
 also set the <tt>variable</tt> option when creating a template,
 which will cause your passed-in data to be made available under the
 variable you named, instead of using a <tt>with</tt> statement &mdash;
 significantly improving the speed of rendering the template.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added the <tt>pick</tt> function, which allows you to filter an
 object literal with a list of allowed property names.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added the <tt>result</tt> function, for convenience when working
 with APIs that allow either functions or raw properties.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added the <tt>isFinite</tt> function, because sometimes knowing that
 a value is a number just ain't quite enough.
 </li>
 <li>
 The <tt>sortBy</tt> function may now also be passed the string name
 of a property to use as the sort order on each object.
 </li>
 <li>
 Fixed <tt>uniq</tt> to work with sparse arrays.
 </li>
 <li>
 The <tt>difference</tt> function now performs a shallow flatten
 instead of a deep one when computing array differences.
 </li>
 <li>
 The <tt>debounce</tt> function now takes an <tt>immediate</tt>
 parameter, which will cause the callback to fire on the leading
 instead of the trailing edge.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.3.1 &mdash; January 23, 2012 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.3.0...1.3.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.3.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Added an <tt>_.has</tt> function, as a safer way to use <tt>hasOwnProperty</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Added <tt>_.collect</tt> as an alias for <tt>_.map</tt>. Smalltalkers, rejoice.
 </li>
 <li>
 Reverted an old change so that <tt>_.extend</tt> will correctly copy
 over keys with undefined values again.
 </li>
 <li>
 Bugfix to stop escaping slashes within interpolations in <tt>_.template</tt>.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.3.0 &mdash; January 11, 2012 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.2.4...1.3.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.3.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Removed AMD (RequireJS) support from Underscore. If you'd like to use
 Underscore with RequireJS, you can load it as a normal script, wrap
 or patch your copy, or download a forked version.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.2.4 &mdash; January 4, 2012 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.2.3...1.2.4">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.2.4/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 You now can (and probably should, as it's simpler)
 write <tt>_.chain(list)</tt>
 instead of <tt>_(list).chain()</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Fix for escaped characters in Underscore templates, and for supporting
 customizations of <tt>_.templateSettings</tt> that only define one or
 two of the required regexes.
 </li>
 <li>
 Fix for passing an array as the first argument to an <tt>_.wrap</tt>'d function.
 </li>
 <li>
 Improved compatibility with ClojureScript, which adds a <tt>call</tt>
 function to <tt>String.prototype</tt>.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.2.3 &mdash; December 7, 2011 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.2.2...1.2.3">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.2.3/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Dynamic scope is now preserved for compiled <tt>_.template</tt> functions,
 so you can use the value of <tt>this</tt> if you like.
 </li>
 <li>
 Sparse array support of <tt>_.indexOf</tt>, <tt>_.lastIndexOf</tt>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Both <tt>_.reduce</tt> and <tt>_.reduceRight</tt> can now be passed an
 explicitly <tt>undefined</tt> value. (There's no reason why you'd
 want to do this.)
 </li>
 </ul>

1.2.2 &mdash; November 14, 2011 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.2.1...1.2.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.2.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Continued tweaks to <tt>_.isEqual</tt> semantics. Now JS primitives are
 considered equivalent to their wrapped versions, and arrays are compared
 by their numeric properties only (#351).
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.escape</tt> no longer tries to be smart about not double-escaping
 already-escaped HTML entities. Now it just escapes regardless (#350).
 </li>
 <li>
 In <tt>_.template</tt>, you may now leave semicolons out of evaluated
 statements if you wish: <tt>&lt;% }) %&gt;</tt> (#369).
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.after(callback, 0)</tt> will now trigger the callback immediately,
 making "after" easier to use with asynchronous APIs (#366).
 </li>
 </ul>

1.2.1 &mdash; October 24, 2011 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.2.0...1.2.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.2.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 Several important bug fixes for <tt>_.isEqual</tt>, which should now
 do better on mutated Arrays, and on non-Array objects with
 <tt>length</tt> properties. (#329)
 </li>
 <li>
 <a href="https://github.com/jrburke">James Burke</a>
 contributed Underscore exporting for AMD module loaders, and
 <a href="https://github.com/tonylukasavage">Tony Lukasavage</a>
 for Appcelerator Titanium.
 (#335, #338)
 </li>
 <li>
 You can now <tt>_.groupBy(list, 'property')</tt> as a shortcut for
 grouping values by a particular common property.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.throttle</tt>'d functions now fire immediately upon invocation,
 and are rate-limited thereafter (#170, #266).
 </li>
 <li>
 Most of the <tt>_.is[Type]</tt> checks no longer ducktype.
 </li>
 <li>
 The <tt>_.bind</tt> function now also works on constructors, a-la
 ES5 ... but you would never want to use <tt>_.bind</tt> on a
 constructor function.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.clone</tt> no longer wraps non-object types in Objects.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.find</tt> and <tt>_.filter</tt> are now the preferred names for
 <tt>_.detect</tt> and <tt>_.select</tt>.
 </li>
 </ul>

1.2.0 &mdash; October 5, 2011 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.1.7...1.2.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.2.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <ul>
 <li>
 The <tt>_.isEqual</tt> function now
 supports true deep equality comparisons, with checks for cyclic structures,
 thanks to Kit Cambridge.
 </li>
 <li>
 Underscore templates now support HTML escaping interpolations, using
 <tt>&lt;%- ... %&gt;</tt> syntax.
 </li>
 <li>
 Ryan Tenney contributed <tt>_.shuffle</tt>, which uses a modified
 Fisher-Yates to give you a shuffled copy of an array.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.uniq</tt> can now be passed an optional iterator, to determine by
 what criteria an object should be considered unique.
 </li>
 <li>
 <tt>_.last</tt> now takes an optional argument which will return the last
 N elements of the list.
 </li>
 <li>
 A new <tt>_.initial</tt> function was added, as a mirror of <tt>_.rest</tt>,
 which returns all the initial values of a list (except the last N).
 </li>
 </ul>

1.1.7 &mdash; July 13, 2011 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.1.6...1.1.7">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.1.7/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Added <tt>_.groupBy</tt>, which aggregates a collection into groups of like items.
 Added <tt>_.union</tt> and <tt>_.difference</tt>, to complement the
 (re-named) <tt>_.intersection</tt>.
 Various improvements for support of sparse arrays.
 <tt>_.toArray</tt> now returns a clone, if directly passed an array.
 <tt>_.functions</tt> now also returns the names of functions that are present
 in the prototype chain.

1.1.6 &mdash; April 18, 2011 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.1.5...1.1.6">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.1.6/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Added <tt>_.after</tt>, which will return a function that only runs after
 first being called a specified number of times.
 <tt>_.invoke</tt> can now take a direct function reference.
 <tt>_.every</tt> now requires an iterator function to be passed, which
 mirrors the ES5 API.
 <tt>_.extend</tt> no longer copies keys when the value is undefined.
 <tt>_.bind</tt> now errors when trying to bind an undefined value.

1.1.5 &mdash; March 20, 2011 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.1.4...1.1.5">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.1.5/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Added an <tt>_.defaults</tt> function, for use merging together JS objects
 representing default options.
 Added an <tt>_.once</tt> function, for manufacturing functions that should
 only ever execute a single time.
 <tt>_.bind</tt> now delegates to the native ES5 version,
 where available.
 <tt>_.keys</tt> now throws an error when used on non-Object values, as in
 ES5.
 Fixed a bug with <tt>_.keys</tt> when used over sparse arrays.

1.1.4 &mdash; January 9, 2011 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.1.3...1.1.4">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.1.4/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Improved compliance with ES5's Array methods when passing <tt>null</tt>
 as a value. <tt>_.wrap</tt> now correctly sets <tt>this</tt> for the
 wrapped function. <tt>_.indexOf</tt> now takes an optional flag for
 finding the insertion index in an array that is guaranteed to already
 be sorted. Avoiding the use of <tt>.callee</tt>, to allow <tt>_.isArray</tt>
 to work properly in ES5's strict mode.

1.1.3 &mdash; December 1, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.1.2...1.1.3">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.1.3/index.html">Docs</a> 
 In CommonJS, Underscore may now be required with just: 
 <tt>var _ = require("underscore")</tt>.
 Added <tt>_.throttle</tt> and <tt>_.debounce</tt> functions.
 Removed <tt>_.breakLoop</tt>, in favor of an ES5-style un-break-able
 each implementation &mdash; this removes the try/catch, and you'll now have
 better stack traces for exceptions that are thrown within an Underscore iterator.
 Improved the isType family of functions for better interoperability
 with Internet Explorer host objects.
 <tt>_.template</tt> now correctly escapes backslashes in templates.
 Improved <tt>_.reduce</tt> compatibility with the ES5 version:
 if you don't pass an initial value, the first item in the collection is used.
 <tt>_.each</tt> no longer returns the iterated collection, for improved
 consistency with ES5's <tt>forEach</tt>.

1.1.2 &mdash; October 15, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.1.1...1.1.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.1.2/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Fixed <tt>_.contains</tt>, which was mistakenly pointing at
 <tt>_.intersect</tt> instead of <tt>_.include</tt>, like it should
 have been. Added <tt>_.unique</tt> as an alias for <tt>_.uniq</tt>.

1.1.1 &mdash; October 5, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.1.0...1.1.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.1.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Improved the speed of <tt>_.template</tt>, and its handling of multiline
 interpolations. Ryan Tenney contributed optimizations to many Underscore
 functions. An annotated version of the source code is now available.

1.1.0 &mdash; August 18, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.0.4...1.1.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.1.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 The method signature of <tt>_.reduce</tt> has been changed to match
 the ES5 signature, instead of the Ruby/Prototype.js version.
 This is a backwards-incompatible change. <tt>_.template</tt> may now be
 called with no arguments, and preserves whitespace. <tt>_.contains</tt>
 is a new alias for <tt>_.include</tt>.

1.0.4 &mdash; June 22, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.0.3...1.0.4">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.0.4/index.html">Docs</a> 
 <a href="https://themoell.com/">Andri Möll</a> contributed the <tt>_.memoize</tt>
 function, which can be used to speed up expensive repeated computations
 by caching the results.

1.0.3 &mdash; June 14, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.0.2...1.0.3">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.0.3/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Patch that makes <tt>_.isEqual</tt> return <tt>false</tt> if any property
 of the compared object has a <tt>NaN</tt> value. Technically the correct
 thing to do, but of questionable semantics. Watch out for NaN comparisons.

1.0.2 &mdash; March 23, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.0.1...1.0.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.0.2/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Fixes <tt>_.isArguments</tt> in recent versions of Opera, which have
 arguments objects as real Arrays.

1.0.1 &mdash; March 19, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/1.0.0...1.0.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.0.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Bugfix for <tt>_.isEqual</tt>, when comparing two objects with the same
 number of undefined keys, but with different names.

1.0.0 &mdash; March 18, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.6.0...1.0.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/1.0.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Things have been stable for many months now, so Underscore is now
 considered to be out of beta, at 1.0. Improvements since 0.6
 include <tt>_.isBoolean</tt>, and the ability to have <tt>_.extend</tt>
 take multiple source objects.

0.6.0 &mdash; February 24, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.5.8...0.6.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.6.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Major release. Incorporates a number of
 <a href="https://github.com/ratbeard">Mile Frawley's</a> refactors for
 safer duck-typing on collection functions, and cleaner internals. A new
 <tt>_.mixin</tt> method that allows you to extend Underscore with utility
 functions of your own. Added <tt>_.times</tt>, which works the same as in
 Ruby or Prototype.js. Native support for ES5's <tt>Array.isArray</tt>,
 and <tt>Object.keys</tt>.

0.5.8 &mdash; January 28, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.5.7...0.5.8">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.5.8/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Fixed Underscore's collection functions to work on
 <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/En/DOM/NodeList">NodeLists</a> and
 <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/En/DOM/HTMLCollection">HTMLCollections</a>
 once more, thanks to
 <a href="https://github.com/JustinTulloss">Justin Tulloss</a>.

0.5.7 &mdash; January 20, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.5.6...0.5.7">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.5.7/index.html">Docs</a> 
 A safer implementation of <tt>_.isArguments</tt>, and a
 faster <tt>_.isNumber</tt>, thanks to
 <a href="https://jedschmidt.com/">Jed Schmidt</a>.

0.5.6 &mdash; January 18, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.5.5...0.5.6">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.5.6/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Customizable delimiters for <tt>_.template</tt>, contributed by
 <a href="https://github.com/iamnoah">Noah Sloan</a>.

0.5.5 &mdash; January 9, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.5.4...0.5.5">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.5.5/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Fix for a bug in MobileSafari's OOP-wrapper, with the arguments object.

0.5.4 &mdash; January 5, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.5.2...0.5.4">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.5.4/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Fix for multiple single quotes within a template string for
 <tt>_.template</tt>. See:
 <a href="https://www.west-wind.com/Weblog/posts/509108.aspx">Rick Strahl's blog post</a>.

0.5.2 &mdash; January 1, 2010 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.5.1...0.5.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.5.2/index.html">Docs</a> 
 New implementations of <tt>isArray</tt>, <tt>isDate</tt>, <tt>isFunction</tt>,
 <tt>isNumber</tt>, <tt>isRegExp</tt>, and <tt>isString</tt>, thanks to
 a suggestion from
 <a href="https://www.broofa.com/">Robert Kieffer</a>.
 Instead of doing <tt>Object#toString</tt>
 comparisons, they now check for expected properties, which is less safe,
 but more than an order of magnitude faster. Most other Underscore
 functions saw minor speed improvements as a result.
 <a href="https://dolzhenko.org/">Evgeniy Dolzhenko</a>
 contributed <tt>_.tap</tt>,
 <a href="https://ruby-doc.org/core-1.9/classes/Object.html#M000191">similar to Ruby 1.9's</a>,
 which is handy for injecting side effects (like logging) into chained calls.

0.5.1 &mdash; December 9, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.5.0...0.5.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.5.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Added an <tt>_.isArguments</tt> function. Lots of little safety checks
 and optimizations contributed by
 <a href="https://github.com/iamnoah">Noah Sloan</a> and
 <a href="https://themoell.com/">Andri Möll</a>.

0.5.0 &mdash; December 7, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.4.7...0.5.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.5.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 [API Changes] <tt>_.bindAll</tt> now takes the context object as
 its first parameter. If no method names are passed, all of the context
 object's methods are bound to it, enabling chaining and easier binding.
 <tt>_.functions</tt> now takes a single argument and returns the names
 of its Function properties. Calling <tt>_.functions(_)</tt> will get you
 the previous behavior.
 Added <tt>_.isRegExp</tt> so that <tt>isEqual</tt> can now test for RegExp equality.
 All of the "is" functions have been shrunk down into a single definition.
 <a href="https://github.com/grayrest">Karl Guertin</a> contributed patches.

0.4.7 &mdash; December 6, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.4.6...0.4.7">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.4.7/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Added <tt>isDate</tt>, <tt>isNaN</tt>, and <tt>isNull</tt>, for completeness.
 Optimizations for <tt>isEqual</tt> when checking equality between Arrays
 or Dates. <tt>_.keys</tt> is now 25%&ndash;2X faster (depending on your
 browser) which speeds up the functions that rely on it, such as <tt>_.each</tt>.

0.4.6 &mdash; November 30, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.4.5...0.4.6">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.4.6/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Added the <tt>range</tt> function, a port of the
 <a href="https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range">Python
 function of the same name</a>, for generating flexibly-numbered lists
 of integers. Original patch contributed by
 <a href="https://github.com/kylichuku">Kirill Ishanov</a>.

0.4.5 &mdash; November 19, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.4.4...0.4.5">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.4.5/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Added <tt>rest</tt> for Arrays and arguments objects, and aliased
 <tt>first</tt> as <tt>head</tt>, and <tt>rest</tt> as <tt>tail</tt>,
 thanks to <a href="https://github.com/lukesutton">Luke Sutton</a>'s patches.
 Added tests ensuring that all Underscore Array functions also work on
 arguments objects.

0.4.4 &mdash; November 18, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.4.3...0.4.4">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.4.4/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Added <tt>isString</tt>, and <tt>isNumber</tt>, for consistency. Fixed
 <tt>_.isEqual(NaN, NaN)</tt> to return true (which is debatable).

0.4.3 &mdash; November 9, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.4.2...0.4.3">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.4.3/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Started using the native <tt>StopIteration</tt> object in browsers that support it.
 Fixed Underscore setup for CommonJS environments.

0.4.2 &mdash; November 9, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.4.1...0.4.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.4.2/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Renamed the unwrapping function to <tt>value</tt>, for clarity.

0.4.1 &mdash; November 8, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.4.0...0.4.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.4.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Chained Underscore objects now support the Array prototype methods, so
 that you can perform the full range of operations on a wrapped array
 without having to break your chain. Added a <tt>breakLoop</tt> method
 to break in the middle of any Underscore iteration. Added an
 <tt>isEmpty</tt> function that works on arrays and objects.

0.4.0 &mdash; November 7, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.3.3...0.4.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.4.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 All Underscore functions can now be called in an object-oriented style,
 like so: <tt>_([1, 2, 3]).map(...);</tt>. Original patch provided by
 <a href="https://macournoyer.com/">Marc-André Cournoyer</a>.
 Wrapped objects can be chained through multiple
 method invocations. A <a href="#object-functions"><tt>functions</tt></a> method
 was added, providing a sorted list of all the functions in Underscore.

0.3.3 &mdash; October 31, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.3.2...0.3.3">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.3.3/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Added the JavaScript 1.8 function <tt>reduceRight</tt>. Aliased it
 as <tt>foldr</tt>, and aliased <tt>reduce</tt> as <tt>foldl</tt>.

0.3.2 &mdash; October 29, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.3.1...0.3.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.3.2/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Now runs on stock <a href="https://www.mozilla.org/rhino/">Rhino</a>
 interpreters with: <tt>load("underscore.js")</tt>.
 Added <a href="#identity"><tt>identity</tt></a> as a utility function.

0.3.1 &mdash; October 29, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.3.0...0.3.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.3.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 All iterators are now passed in the original collection as their third
 argument, the same as JavaScript 1.6's forEach. Iterating over
 objects is now called with <tt>(value, key, collection)</tt>, for details
 see <a href="#each"><tt>_.each</tt></a>.

0.3.0 &mdash; October 29, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.2.0...0.3.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.3.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Added <a href="https://github.com/DmitryBaranovskiy">Dmitry Baranovskiy</a>'s
 comprehensive optimizations, merged in
 <a href="https://github.com/kriskowal">Kris Kowal</a>'s patches to make Underscore
 <a href="https://wiki.commonjs.org/wiki/CommonJS">CommonJS</a> and
 <a href="https://narwhaljs.org/">Narwhal</a> compliant.

0.2.0 &mdash; October 28, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.1.1...0.2.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.2.0/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Added <tt>compose</tt> and <tt>lastIndexOf</tt>, renamed <tt>inject</tt> to
 <tt>reduce</tt>, added aliases for <tt>inject</tt>, <tt>filter</tt>,
 <tt>every</tt>, <tt>some</tt>, and <tt>forEach</tt>.

0.1.1 &mdash; October 28, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/compare/0.1.0...0.1.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.1.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Added <tt>noConflict</tt>, so that the "Underscore" object can be assigned to
 other variables.

0.1.0 &mdash; October 28, 2009 &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/jashkenas/underscore/0.1.1/index.html">Docs</a> 
 Initial release of Underscore.js.

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